What Are Three Key Differences Between The Us Health Care...

PAGE 2 - Mid Term Examination HCAD 620 Short Essay Questions Based on the first chapter of Shi and Singh, what are three key differences between the US Health care system and healthcare systems found in other nations? A. There is no central agency governing the health care system: The U.S health care services have a higher percentage of private ownership and financial control of budgets. However, the government has control of health care provided to the poor, elderly and less privileged through Medicare, Medicaid and Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). B. Insurance coverage determines access to health care services: A person has access to health care only if he/she is employer-covered or purchased from the open market. C. Delivery of health care is under an imperfect market: Various providers exist with varying prices. Hence, the lower the price, the higher the demand and vice versa. Provide one example of how American values and beliefs affect the US health care system. Capitalism is an example of American values and beliefs which affects the U.S health care system, which is â€Å"a social system based on the principle of individual rights. Politically, it is the system of laissez-faire (freedom). Legally, it is a system of objective laws (rule of law as opposed to rule of man). Economically, when such freedom is applied to the sphere of production, its result is free-market†, Capitalism.org. The U.S operates a capitalist health care system where private ownership isShow MoreRelatedBismarck Model And Other Universal Health Care1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States as compared to Bismarck Model and other universal health care systems is lacking control and so fragmented especially to other nations. Bismarck Model or as stated in the text book â€Å"the insurance model† is known as the oldest health care model (Kovner Knickman, 2011). Althoug h, every employer and employee (payroll deductions) contributes according to income (Kovner Knickman, 2011). Bismarck varies in the â€Å"basic coverage† from one country to another (Kovner Knickman, 2011). FoundRead MoreNicaragu A Democratic System1286 Words   |  6 PagesNicaragua: one of Central’s America’s largest countries gets it name derived from Nicarao a â€Å"Nahuatl name that means â€Å"next to the water† (Belli, Humberto 1985 Pg. 15).† Nicaragua is about the size of New York State and spans over 51,000 square miles. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea, with Honduras and Costa Rica bordering. The estimated population is about 5 million as of 2011 and a national census has not been done since then. The median age of Nicaraguans is 15 because of theRead MoreHealthcare Disparities And Lack Of Health Care1546 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society, there is still a great struggle with health care disparities an d many lives are affected by the lack of this fundamental program in our society. There are millions of people who die each year because they are unable to afford quality healthcare. The debate still continues about healthcare inequalities, what causes this disparity and who are affected by it. Health care is more of a necessity rather than a luxury and even though skeptics may argue to the latter, it only underlinesRead MoreHealth Is Not A Luxury1499 Words   |  6 PagesHealth is not a luxury, instead it is the birth right of every individual to have the best possible health care. But when we say that â€Å"Healthcare† is a basic human right, what do we really mean by that? What is being done to achieve healthcare as a fundamental right of an individual? According to the UN HDI 2014 Statistics report, USA stands at the eighth position in the list of developed countries, quite ahead of Canada, Japan, France, Singapore, yet the condition of healthcare is trailing behindRead MoreAubrey Longfield. 2/11/16. Soc 102. Chapter One: Thinking1414 Words   |  6 PagesAubrey Longfield 2/11/16 SOC 102 Chapter One: Thinking About Social Problems What is a Social Problem? There are a few key points to consider when determining if something is a social problem. Some elements of a social problem may be objective and some may be subjective. The first two objective points are first that there must be some existence of a social condition, or a situation that someone has in society. Second that problems are recognized either through the things we see, or through thingsRead MoreHealthcare Information Technology and Managerial Control in the Twenty-First Century3077 Words   |  12 PagesHealth Care Information Technology and Managerial Control in the Twenty-First Century Introduction The US has been facing a crisis in its healthcare system. There are systemic issues regarding the cost, quality and access to healthcare which need to be addressed with utter urgency. The US spends more than 18% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on healthcare which is more than any industrialized nation spends both as a percentage of GDP and on a capital level. Despite this huge expenditure, thereRead MoreThe Many Problems of Obamacare2055 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican healthcare expenditures are drastically increasing and the number of people purchasing medical coverage is declining. The United States healthcare system in contrast to others is recognized to be the most expensive and as a result more than fifty million American citizens are left uninsured, given the low income rate (Garson 1). Those who, in fact, purchase coverage are not properly protected, therefore other individuals do not bother wasting their money and purchasing healthcare. As soonRead MoreHealthcare Insuran ce Issues2507 Words   |  11 Pages Healthcare Insurance Issues September 11, 2008 Healthcare today is a big issue for a lot of individuals, and families. Because it’s not affordable and some plans are lacking the necessary coverage people need these days. There are many ways to make healthcare more affordable, adequate, efficient, and patient-centered. That being said there are also various healthcare plans that are suited forRead MorePros and Cons of Us Healthcare System10039 Words   |  41 PagesCanadas Health Care System October 19, 2012 Table of Contents I. Problem/Issue Statement 5 II. Literature Review 6 III. Problem Analysis 22 A. Government involvement 22 B. Coverage and Access 24 C. Wait times 24 D. Price of health care 25 E. Medical professionals 26 F. Drugs 27 G. Technology 28 H. Malpractice Litigation 28 I. Health Care Outcome 29 IV. Solutions and Implementation 29 V. Justification 31 VI. References 35 Executive Summary In this paper, the USA healthcare systemRead MoreThe Difference Between Eastern and Western Medicine1823 Words   |  7 Pagesdirect result of our personal faith and how we care for ourselves. 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Trade Barriers Of International Trade - 1659 Words

Introduction Trade barriers refer to the measures and policies that public authorities implement with the objective of controlling imports and exports to protect goods and services that are produced locally as well as regulating their quality on the market. They also tend to affect both the free flow of international trade and investments. Consequently, the measures adopted may either take the form of legislation or economic strategies. Examples of economic strategies employed to impose trade barriers include tariffs, customs procedure, quotas, embargos, and technical standards that are set primarily to control the quality of import. As much as trade barriers are imposed to protect the local industries and its products and services within†¦show more content†¦For this reason, specific rules, consideration, and tactics have been placed alongside the economic arguments in knowing whether the pursuit of FTAs should be developed and implemented (World Bank 8). Additionally, the proponents for trade barriers believe that quotas, tariffs and embargos will successfully protect the local industries and products from the unfair competition brought by foreign companies. Furthermore, they admit that once the importation of some foreign superior goods is banned, it will provide a chance for local industries to grow as the level of competition will be minimal. However, this idea can be successful, but not for every country as the policy is not applicable with a developed nation because of high cost of production. In other words, trade barriers tend to offer more harm than good for the less developed nations as they usually have a low capitalism to manage the cost production. To solve this issue, the developing country ought to be in the frontline of eliminating trade barriers to boost its foreign direct investment as well as introduce modern technologies to its economy. This concept relates to Adam Smith’s understanding of international coop eration and trading among the nations, which Smith states that: It is the axiom of every particular master of a domestic, never to try to make at homegrown what it will cost him more to make than to buy. If an overseas country can fund us with aShow MoreRelatedInternal And External Factors Affecting International Business Environment And The Trade Barriers Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesResearch background Globalization is a process that eliminates the barriers between different countries and increases level of interaction between them and international business is considered as one of the mechanisms used in trade globalization. A lot of challenges and opportunities for international business arises and need to be studied in addition to strategies used to seize these opportunities and to overcome the potential barriers. 1.2 Research objective The objective of this research is to studyRead MoreThe Impact Of International Trade Policy On New Zealand And Other Countries Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pages International trade policy is an important part of how the word does business and there is the underlying question about how it should be done and what part the government should play not just in New Zealand but around the world. New Zealand is a country that has great trade policies, these trade policies help create a great reputation for being free flowing and business friendly. Trade policy is defined as the laws around the exchange or goods between countries. In this essay, I will begin by discussingRead MoreInternational Factors and Multinational Corporations1724 Words   |  7 PagesRegional Trade Agreements and Global trade liberalization are common terms that are used to analyze different market structures in the market. According to international economics, RTAs (Regional Trading Agreements) are the agreements in which members give each another privileged treatment with respect to the extent by which the trade barriers have been established. On the other side, Global Trade liberalization is a general term referring to the depletion of trade boundaries globally to ensure freeRead MoreWhat ´s International Trade1442 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction International trade is to explain why countries to import and export cargo, and barriers to trade and many different steps and trade barriers have been taken down and explain some economic factors must be protected trade. When foreign trade is not strongly change, government spending and taxes, like most of the headlines, it aroused some peoples blood in economics. Both exports and imports will affect the livelihood and way of life. These people are very anxious, but those who worryRead MoreInternational Trade Agreements And How Governmental Influences Benefited Trade1231 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscuss the benefits United States (U.S) had by engaging in international trade agreements and how governmental influences benefitted trade. To regulate international trade between nations, international trade agreements exist. These agreements involve regulating imports, exports and international trade of some specialty goods. The United States have been involved in many international trade agreements including free trade agreements. Free trade Agreements (FTA) helps the United States to open up foreignRead MoreOverview of Free Trade Barriers695 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout history nations have utilized trade barriers such as tariffs and embargoes to regulate trade among other nations (Bartlett, 1998). The purpose of such trade barriers was to provide safeguards for a nations imports and exports. The philosophy surrou nding the use of trade barriers has changed from time to time with there being periods when they were used extensively and periods when they were abandoned entirely. Prior to the First World War international trade was flourishing and although tariffsRead MoreExplicit and Implicit Barriers1270 Words   |  6 PagesExplicit and Implicit Barriers: how they impact MNCs Benjamin Osiel International marketing is a concrete field and established on the principle that transactions can be carried out through International marketing much more effectively because of many necessities that are still unsatisfied throughout the world. Hence, this particular field could improve the quality of life of each individual (Cayla and Arnould, 2008). It is identified that organisations would experience difficulties by exportingRead MoreInternational Trade Policy And Economic Development776 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In today s world economy, international trade policy plays an important role in national economic growth and economic development, it has become an important part of the international trading environment. Based on the historical research, free trade policy and protectionism are the two main catalogues of international trade policy. Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions and interventionsRead MoreWhat Are Barriers And Trade?920 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION: What are barriers to trade? International trade barriers are restrictions put in place by the government to prevent the inflow of international goods and services to the country. These restrictions are placed by the government officials with the intent of protecting their economy from the international competition; they include tariff and nontariff barriers. Some of the argument for trade restrictions includes the following; It serves as a national defense from competitions toRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On International Business828 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess of international business. Many of the items we are using at this very moment are imports, products produced in another country. Many businesses today rely on exports, products produced in their home country and shipped to other nations. Every country relies on imports and exports. Wether a firm is expanding to another nation or uses imported goods, international business is always involved and will affect the business model. Factors that wil l affect and alter the international marketplace

Nursing Quantitative Research

Question: Write about theNursing for Quantitative Research. Answer: Introduction: Research critique mentioned in this essay is a quantitative method. Another method which can be used to critique research is a qualitative method. Quantitative research is mainly emphasised on the numbers, and qualitative research is an expression of the reality of practice. Annals of Emergency Medicine, is the official journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians which is published in the United States of America. Its impact factor is 5.008. Its ERA ranking is A, which is considered as the good ranking of these class journals. This journal ranking is first out of 25 journals in this category. As this research has a good ranking, this evidence can be implemented in practice. Dr Simon Bugden, who is the first author of this article, is working in the Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Queensland. Gabor Mihala and Claire M. Rickard are the two authors who have prior experience in this field. The expertise of these authors is evident from their publications in this field. This research is carried out in the reputed organisation and its authors have expertise in this filed. Hence, this evidence can be implemented in practice. Title and Abstract: The title of the paper is matching with the content because, in this paper effect of skin glue on the efficiency of peripheral intravenous catheters was studied and the same was mentioned in the title. The objective of the study is mentioned in the paper. The objective of the study is to investigate whether the addition of skin glue can reduce the failure rate of peripheral intravenous catheters. Abstract of the paper contains information about the research design, sample size, instruments and findings of the study. However, it doesnt contain information about the aims and hypothesis of the study. Structuring the Study: A literature review was conducted for both the aspects of problem and solution for the problem. The problem mentioned in this study is the failure of peripheral intravenous catheters. From the literature review, it was mentioned that around 80 % of the hospitalised patients were inserted with catheters. Out of these patients, approximately 33 to 69% devices encountered problems in first 48 hours after insertion (Limm et al., 2013; Wilkinson and Fitz-Henry,2008). The solution put forwarded for this failure problem is the use of skin glue. A literature review was conducted for three clinical trials for the use of skin glue. These trials mentioned that failure of catheter insertion could be reduced by 21-11 %, 20-6 % and 38-14%, after use of skin glue. References mentioned in the literature review for study are recent (Simonova et al., 2012; Edwards et al., 2014 and Reynolds et al., 2015). All these references are less than ten years old. However, mentioned literature is not comprehensi ve. Number of trials should be mentioned with studies from the broad and diverse geographical areas, from different types of hospital settings and with different types of patients based on age, the severity of the disease condition, sex and socioeconomic factors. Literature didnt mention the number of participants in study and criteria for the measurement of failure rate. The investigation was carried out by single-site, two arms, non-blinded, randomised and controlled trial in ED department. Ethical approval was taken from the hospital human research ethics committee before initiation of the study, and this trial was registered with the Australian and NewZealand Clinical Trials Registry. In this paper, a scientific hypothesis is mentioned and not the null hypothesis. From the stated hypothesis, it is evident that researcher wishes to study the relation between the addition of skin glue and failure rate of the catheter. Intention to study the difference between control group and int ervention group is not evident from the stated hypothesis (LoBiondo-Wood and Haber, 2014). The Sample: Information about the sample is mentioned in the abstract and the flow chart of the study design. However, it is not mentioned in the materials and methods section of the paper. It should have been mentioned in the materials and methods section of the paper. The sample size was determined by screening the patients with the help of trained ED research nurse. 360 patients were selected, and 380 catheters were inserted. Patients with age above 18 years were selected with the insertion of the upper limb peripheral intravenous catheter. Patency of this catheter insertion was confirmed by the intravenous flush of the 10-mL 0.9% saline solution. Informed consent was taken from the patients. Criteria for an allergic reaction, irritation, infection, agitated patients and non-English speaking patients were set for the exclusion of participants, however, none of the participants was excluded from the study. There was no loss of the participants during the study. Data Collection: Data was collected by the direct observation, visualisation, chart review and standard patient questionnaire. Data was collected by the research nurse in ED department. Data was collected in person, if the patient is in the hospital and it was collected through phone if patients left the hospital. All the data for the primary and secondary outcome are adequately described in the article. It comprises of the number of patients exhibited each outcome and its respective percentage. It also described confidence interval between standard care and skin glue group. Data was also graded by frequency of occurrences. PIVC failure is most prevalent followed by dislodgement, phlebitis and occlusion. More information should have been given for outcome data on the age of the patient, site of insertion and PIVC gauge size. The failure rate of the catheter with particular age of the patient, insertion site and PIVC gauge size would have been helpful in bringing more clarity of the study. Most of the data were collected by observations, chart review and standard patient questionnaire. There was no use of instruments for data collection in this study. There were no details mentioned about the specific criteria or scale for the infection. It would have been clearer on the severity of infection, if redness and swelling of the infected area had been expressed in cut-off values like 10 mm or 20 mm. Hence, it is difficult to make the conclusion whether mentioned data meets certain standard criteria established for each outcome. Details of the patient chart and standard patient questionnaire were not mentioned in this paper. There was no mention of ethical consideration on data collection (Peace and Chen, 2010; Sheridan, 2016). Data Analysis: There is a minimal loss in the follow-up in both terms of the number of patients and number of devices. Moreover, follow-up loss is similar in both groups of intervention. Hence, this data would be reliable to compare between these two groups. This assessment is non-blinded to both researcher and the patient. In study design section, it is mentioned that this study is non-blinded. Results for PIVC failure and dislodgement are both statistically and clinically significant. In the case of PIVC failure difference between standard care and skin glue is 10 % which is clinically significant. The confidence interval is 18% to 2% with P=0.2 for PIVC failure which is statistically significant. In the case of dislodgement, the difference between standard care and skin glue is 7 % which is clinically significant. The confidence interval is 13% to 0% for dislodgement which is statistically significant. Data obtained for secondary outcome measures like infection, phlebitis, occlusions are not sta tistically and clinically significant. Statistics used in this study is mainly the inferential statistics. In inferential statistical analysis, some conclusion about the source population can be drawn, using the results obtained from the sample (Sahu et al., 2015). In this study, the conclusion about standard and skin glue obtained from source sample. In PVIC failure, 95 % times difference between percentage failure falls between values -18 and -2 and 5 % times these values do not falls between -18 and -2. In dislodgement, 95 % times difference between percentage failure falls between values -13 and 0 and 5 % times these values do not falls between -13 and 0. In phlebitis, 95 % times difference between percentage failure falls between values -5 and 3 and 5 % times these values do not falls between -5 and 3. In occlusion, 95 % times difference between percentage failure falls between values -8 and 4 and 5 % times these values do not falls between -8 and 4. Findings: These findings were expected because in the literature also it was mentioned that use of skin glue could be helpful in the reducing failure of the peripheral intravenous catheters. This decrease in the failure rate is also falling in the range mentioned in the literature. Enough information is presented in the paper to judge the results. This information is presented in terms of number of devices failure in each group and its percentage. Confidence interval is also mentioned for comparison. All the information is useful to judge the results in both the terms like clinical and statistical significance. Results are clearly stated in a broad manner; however in-depth results were not mentioned. Results for PIVC failure and dislodgement were presented regarding the number of failures, its percentage and the confidence interval. Expected results were not obtained for the infection, phlebitis, and occlusion. It was clearly mentioned in the article that, there was no difference between the s tandard care and skin glue group for infection, phlebitis, and occlusion. According to the researcher, the failure rate of catheters in the control group is consistent with reported literature data. Hence, this study, can be considered as valid study and it reflects generalizability of the results. There is the trend in the reduction in failure in phlebitis and occlusion, however, this difference is very small. One of the most important limitations of the study was, measurements were made at 48 hours. Failure of the intravenous catheter beyond 48 hours cannot be extrapolated in this study. The researcher didnt mention any suggestions for future research from this study. The researcher made suggestion to the healthcare providers that use of skin glue can have beneficial effects for patient comfort, hospital flow and costs. There was no standardised protocol mentioned for outcome measurements, hence it would be difficult to replicate the exactly same study. Conclusion: Authors concluded that use of skin glue along with standard care would be beneficial in reducing failure of the peripheral intravenous catheter in the adult emergency department in the hospital. This finding would be helpful in improving comfort for the patients with the insertion of the catheter. Reduction in the failure of the catheter would be helpful in reducing irritation to the vein and preventing infection in the patients. This finding also would be effective in reducing the cost of the emergency department. This cost can be reduced by saving the time of the healthcare staff, reducing consumables, hospital stay duration and adverse effect management. Prevention of this catheter failure can also be used in improving treatment for hydration, antibiotics, and analgesia. As intravenous catheters are inserted to a large number of people every year, this reduction in cost would be helpful in reducing the burden of healthcare cost of Government. The Relevance of Nursing Practice and Case Study: There should be the integration of available evidence with clinical expertise and patient value for the effective implementation of the evidence-based practice. This paper also incorporated evidence-based practice and followed all the steps required for nursing practice. These steps comprise of the development of answerable question of clinical practice, the literature search for the evidence, application of the evidence and evaluation of the performance of the evidence in addressing the clinical question. Opinions and values of the patients and their family members should be considered along with clinical expertise for addressing clinical question in evidence-based practice. Solely evidence should not consider for providing treatment to the patient. Other aspects of personal experience, judgment, skills and above all patient values should be considered. In this research also importance is giving to patient values by helping them in removing preexisting peripheral intravenous cathete r dressing and anchoring tapes. In evidence-based practice, there should be a minimal discomfort to the patient. In this study also, efforts were made to reduce discomfort to the patient by reducing the failure rate of catheters which would be helpful in improving medication administration to the patients and reducing stay duration of the patient in the hospital. Before implementation of evidence to the patients, this evidence should be discussed with patient and family members and informed consent should be taken from the patient. In this case study also, informed consent was taken from the patient before enrolment in the study (Burman et al., 2013). In evidence-based practice healthcare provider should be open minded and implement new things to improve patient condition. Healthcare professional should be skilled and trained to search evidence for the clinical problem and implement this evidence in their own practice. In this study also, research nurse at the emergency department searched the evidence for catheter insertion, identified its problem of failure, identified solution for failure regarding use of skin glue and searched for the evidence for the use of skin glue for the reducing failure rate of catheter insertion. Research nurse in this case study also implemented the use of skin glue in the emergency department for reducing catheter failure, and these nurses achieved promising outcome from this intervention (Earle-Foley, 2011). In evidence-based practice, available evidence also should be helpful in reducing the cost of the intervention. In this study also, authors mentioned that available evidence is helpful in reducing cost of the nursing practice. Available evidence should be used effectively to evaluate the performance of the evidence implemented in the healthcare facility. In this study, reduction in catheter failure rate is in the range mentioned in the literature. The efficiency of available evidence depends on the development of answerable question, searching suitable evidence, appraising the evidence and integrating clinical expertise and patients values in practice. In this case study, all these steps are followed (Stevens, 2013). References: Burman, M.E., Robinson, B., and Hart, A.M. (2013). Linking evidence-based nursing practice and patient-centered care through patient preferences. Nursing administration Quarterly, 37(3), 231-41. Earle-Foley, V. (2011). Evidence-based practice: issues, paradigms, and future pathways. Nursing Forum, 46(1), 38-44. Edwards, M., Rickard, C.M., Rapchuk, I., et al. (2014). A pilot trial of bordered polyurethane dressings, tissue adhesive and sutureless devices compared with standard polyurethane dressings for securing shortterm arterial catheters. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 16, 175-183. LoBiondo-Wood, G., and Haber, J. (2010). Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Limm, E.I., Fang, X., Dendle, C., et al. (2013). Half of all peripheral intravenous lines in an Australian tertiary emergency department are unused: pain with no gain? Annals of Emergency Medicine, 62, 521-525. Marsh, N., Webster, J., Mihala, G., et al. (2015). Devices and dressings to secure peripheral venous catheters to prevent complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD011070. Peace, K. E., and Chen, D.G. (2010). Clinical Trial Methodology. CRC Press. Reynolds, H., Taraporewalla, K., Tower, M., et al. (2015). Novel technologies can provide effective dressing and securement for peripheral arterial catheters: a pilot randomised controlled trial in the operating theatre and the intensive care unit. Australian Critical Care, 28, 140-148. Sahu, P. K., Pal, S. ., and Das, A. K. (2015). Estimation and Inferential Statistics. Springer. Sheridan, D. J. (2016). Evidence-Based Medicine: Best Practice or Restrictive Dogma. World Scientific. Simonova, G., Rickard, C.M., Dunster, K.R., et al. (2012). Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesiveseffective securement technique for intravascular catheters: in vitro testing of safety and feasibility. Anaesthesia Intensive Care, 40, 460-466. Stevens, K.R. (2013). The impact of evidence-based practice in nursing and the next big ideas.Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 18(2), 4. Wilkinson, J.N., and Fitz-Henry, J. (2008). Securing epidural catheters with Histoacryl glue. Anaesthesia, 63, 324.

INTRODUCTION Essays (892 words) - Clinical Psychology,

INTRODUCTION: By controlling the type of music that a person listened to I believed that the music would help to shape what animal a person perceived the music to best represent. Due to the large array of animals, I anticipated that I would need to classify the animals into two groups: carnivores and herbivores. In addition, I assumed that the group herbivore1 would be present in both groups. There are many different kinds of music in our society. Music affects many people's lives. This can be seen through people's clothes, appearance, and actions. Furthermore, the type of music a person listens to can effect their actions. At a rock concert, one would see people crowd surfing, moshing, and head banging. These three actions are both aggressive and powerful. On the other hand, at a symphony the spectators would sit back and enjoy the music, in a laid back and relaxed demeanor. Because of these two observations I came to the conclusion that when people listened to rock/heavy metal music, the animal that they associated with this type of music would be a predator, probably a carnivore.1 In addition, when people listened to the classical music, the animal that they thought of would be an animal that is preyed upon. Perhaps this animal would be a herbivore.2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1Omnivores are a mixture of carnivores and herbivores. If one food supply runs low, that can turn to the other supply. 2Carnivore literally means the "eaters of flesh." This hunter requires a considerable ability to learn. Predators are crafty and are able to improve the techniques of ambushing, capturing and hunting. The carnivore is normally associated with being a powerful animal. 3Herbivores are animals that feed only on plants. METHODS: I administered this experiment on thirty people and they all participated in the experiment in my bedroom. I felt that this would be a quiet environment with as little distractions as possible. This was meant to stop the influence of any outside sources. At the beginning of the experiment, I told the person that they were to identify the first animal that came to mind while they were listening to the different types of music. None of the people in this experiment participated in my first experiment using inkblots and music. No one was aware of what type of music they would be listening to. Each person listened to two different kinds of music and was asked to associate an animal with each type of music. First, the person listened to classical music, Beethoven's "Requiem." They listened for two to three minutes and I turned off the music and asked them what animal they felt best represented the music that they just listened to. Then for about five minutes, I talked with the person to get their mind off the first type of music that they had just listened to. Next, the person listened to heavy metal music, Pantera's "Cemetery Gates," and the same procedure was followed. RESULTS: Each person was asked to identify one animal with each type of music. With people that listened to Pantera's "Cemetery Gates," the results were as follows: Lion8 Bear6 Tiger4 Shark4 Snake3 Alligators1 Barracuda1 Bat1 Elephant1 Spider1 In this study out of the 10 different groups of animals, 7 of the groups were carnivores, 1 of the groups was a herbivore, and 2 of the groups were omnivores. With the people that listened to Beethoven's "Requiem," the results were as follows: Butterflies8 Deer5 Dolphins5 Bunny4 Eagle1 Fox1 Giraffe1 Kangaroo1 Kitten1 Puppy1 Sparrow1 Squirrels1 In this study out of 12 different, 3 groups were carnivores, 7 of the groups were herbivores, and 2 of the groups were omnivores. DISCUSSIONS: I am a very stubborn person and I do not like to admit defeat or when I am wrong. This is why I did not change the type of music that I used in this experiment from the first experiment I performed, which I used inkblots and music together. I wanted to try to prove that the reason that my first experiment failed was the inkblots, not the type of music that I choose. Therefore, I am happy to say that this time my hypothesis and experiment was a success. I noticed something interesting in this experiment. After listening to Beethoven's "Requiem," eight people said butterfly. In my first experiment with inkblots, butterfly was the response of 15 out of the 40 people who

About Lois Lowrys Controversial Book, The Giver

About Lois Lowry's Controversial Book, The Giver Imagine living in a society of sameness where you find no color, no family connections, and no memory- a society where life is governed by rigid rules that resist change and resent questioning. Welcome to the world of Lois Lowrys 1994 Newbery award-winning book The Giver, a powerful and controversial book about a utopian community and young boy’s dawning realizations about oppression, choices and human connections. The Storyline of The Giver Twelve-year-old Jonas is looking forward to the Ceremony of Twelves and getting his new assignment. He will miss his friends and their games, but at 12 he is required to set aside his child-like activities. With excitement and fear, Jonas and the rest of the new Twelves are bid a formal â€Å"thank you for your childhood† by the head elder as they move into the next phase of community work. In The Giver’s utopian community, rules govern every aspect of life from speaking in precise language to sharing dreams and feelings at daily family councils. In this perfect world, climate is controlled, births are regulated and everyone is given an assignment based on ability. Couples are matched and applications for children are reviewed and assessed. The elderly are honored and  apologize, and the acceptance of apologies, are mandatory. In addition, anyone who refuses to follow rules or who exhibits weaknesses is â€Å"released† (a gentle euphemism for killed). If twins are born, the one weighing the least is scheduled for release while the other is taken to a nurturing facility. Daily pills to suppress desires and â€Å"stirrings† are taken by citizens beginning at age twelve. There is no choice, no disruption, and no human connections. This is the world Jonas knows until he is assigned to train under the Receiver and become his successor. The Receiver holds all the memories of the community and it’s his job to pass on this heavy burden to Jonas. As the old Receiver begins to give Jonas the memories of ages past, Jonas starts to see colors and experience new feelings. He learns there are words to label the emotions that are erupting inside him: pain, joy, sorrow, and love. The passing of memories from aged man to boy deepens their relationship and Jonas experiences a powerful need to share his newfound awareness. Jonas wants others to experience the world as he sees it, but the Receiver explains that letting loose these memories all at once into the community would be unbearable and painful. Jonas is weighed down by this new knowledge and awareness and finds solace in discussing his feelings of frustration and amazement with his mentor. Behind a closed door with the speaker device turned to OFF, Jonas and the Receiver discuss the forbidden topics of choice, fairness, and individuality. Early in their relationship, Jonas begins to see the old Receiver as a Giver because of the memories and knowledge he is giving to him. Jonas quickly finds his world shifting. He sees his community with new eyes and when he understands the real meaning of â€Å"release† and learns a sad truth about the Giver, he begins to make plans for change. However, when Jonas finds out that a young child he’s grown fond of is being prepared for release, both he and the Giver quickly alter their plans and prepare for a daring escape full of risk, danger, and death for all involved. Author Lois Lowry Lois Lowry wrote her first book, A Summer to Die, in 1977 at the age of 40. Since then she’s written more than 30 books for children and teens, often tackling serious topics such as debilitating illnesses, the Holocaust, and repressive governments. The winner of two Newbery Medals and other accolades, Lowry continues to write the types of stories she feels represents her views about humanity. Lowry explains, â€Å"My books have varied in content and style. Yet it seems that all of them deal, essentially, with the same general theme: the importance of human connections. Born in Hawaii, Lowry, the second of three children, moved all over the world with her Army dentist father. Awards Over the years, Lois Lowry has accumulated multiple awards for her books, but the most prestigious are her two Newbery Medals for Number the Stars (1990) and The Giver (1994). In 2007, the American Library Association honored Lowry with the Margaret A. Edwards Award for Lifetime Contribution to Young Adult Literature. Controversy, Challenges, and Censorship Despite the many accolades The Giver has garnered, it has met with enough opposition to put it on the American Library Association’s most frequently challenged and banned books list for the years 1990-1999 and 2000-2009. Controversy over the book focuses on two topics: suicide and euthanasia. When a minor character determines she can no longer endure her life, she asks to be â€Å"released† or killed. According to an article in USA Today, opponents of the book argue that Lowry fails to â€Å"explain that suicide is not a solution to life’s problems.† In addition to the concern about suicide, opponents of the book criticize Lowry’s handling of euthanasia. Supporters of the book counter these criticisms by arguing that children are being exposed to social issues that will make them think more analytically about governments, personal choice, and relationships. When asked for her opinion on book banning Lowry responded: I think banning books is a very, very dangerous thing. It takes away an important freedom. Any time there is an attempt to ban a book, you should fight it as hard as you can. Its okay for a parent to say, I dont want my child to read this book. But it is not okay for anyone to try to make that decision for other people. The world portrayed in The Giver is a world where choice has been taken away. It is a frightening world. Lets work hard to keep it from truly happening. The Giver Quartet and the Movie While The Giver can be read as a standalone book, Lowry has written companion books to further explore the meaning of community. Gathering Blue (published in 2000) introduces readers to Kira, a crippled orphan girl with a gift for needlework. Messenger, published in 2004, is the story of Mattie who is first introduced in Gathering Blue as Kira’s friend. In fall 2012 Lowrys Son was published. Son represents the grand finale in Lois Lowrys Giver books.

Welcome to Reedsy

Welcome to Reedsy Welcome to Reedsy Hi! Welcome to Reedsy.At the London Book Fair this past April, I heard a bit of wisdom worth passing along: The bigger the ship, the more difficult it is to change its course. It’s easy to see the truth of that when you consider that of the 600,000 to 1 million books published last year in the US, more than half were self-published. And the authors of those books actually earned more than those whose books were released by big-ship traditional publishers.As you might have guessed, I’m a big fan of little ships. Especially those setting sail in this vast ocean we call â€Å"the self-publishing industry†. You don’t have to study the waters for long to see that most companies are taking the â€Å"self† out of self-publishing- they are optimizing services for speed and profit, rather than focusing on developing authors and their books.At Reedsy, we focus on authors. The whole idea behind self-publishing is to bring power and freedom back to authors, so it only makes sense to make authors our focus. But the more I spoke to authors- traditionally published, self-published, not-yet-published- the more I realized that authors don’t churn out books in a vacuum. They have help. Sometimes, lots of it.The authors I interviewed couldn’t stop talking about their fabulous editors, creative cover designers, layout artists- one writer even told me about his â€Å"book shepherd†. Taking all of this into consideration, combined with countless hours of research about what authors need, where they struggle, and what they have to do in order to be successful, led to Reedsy. And Reedsy led to this blog.Here, I’ll focus on topics like how to write, self-publish, and market books. What services to get, where, and how much to pay. In short, I’m here to offer impartial advice if you’re new to self-publishing.So what is Reedsy? Well, it’s a publishing marketplace with a carefully curated pool of freelancer s. We’re not just another freelancer free-for-all focused on high-volume projects and outsourced bids; in fact, we’re the complete opposite of that. Reedsy is populated by professionals focused on authors and their books, ready to take you from shore to shore- from the germ of an idea to a published book.There is no big secret in self-publishing, no method that will turn a lousy manuscript into a best-seller- or even a great manuscript into a best-seller. It’s all about tips, little things to know, lots of common sense and, more importantly, having the right people to help you. The crew you’ll need varies from author to author, genre to genre. But that’s the power of Reedsy: we’ve found the best people out there, and they’re all waiting to hear from you.I’d just like to say thanks for stopping by the Reedsy blog. I’m here to help you navigate the vast waters of self-publishing aboard the SS Reedsy. I guess the only quest ion now is, where do you want to go?RicardoFollow our Facebook page for daily updates and tips on self-publishing!We’re also on Twitter!   Follow Ricardo, Emmanuel, and ReedsyClick on these links  to learn more about editing, design or publicity  on Reedsy!

Automated data reconciliation of the clinical and safety databases Thesis

Automated data reconciliation of the clinical and safety databases - Thesis Example It saves time, and more importantly, gets rid of possible discrepancies between databases. Whenever discrepancies are possible, it necessitates extra quality assurance steps for resolving mismatches (Zhengwu Lu, & Lu, Zhengwu, 2009). Serious Adverse Event, SAE, and Adverse Event, AE, reconciliation compares specific data between two databases; a clinical database and a safety database. A clinical database defined as s closed system while a safety database as an open system. A clinical database can review data for only a short time period that is lasting of the trial, hence defined as closed. A safety database on the other hand, is an open system due to its continuous reception of new SAEs or updates of SAEs that already exist concerning any clinical trials even when they are locked (Van et al 2012). Data management performs the task of SAE and AE reconciliation. Two departments are normally involved, the pharmacovigilance and drug safety, and clinical data science. During the data reconciliation, SAE is collected in the safety database and in the clinical database. Data cleaning takes place according to the specifications of data validation (Dwivedi & IGI Global, 2009). SAE reconciliation is performed continually between first patient first visit, FPFV, and last patient last visit, LPLV. The reason for such timely performances provides data that is reliable and trustworthy, that is of greatly useful in decision-making processes on a drug’s safety profile and successive trial design. It also ensures consistency in reporting to health authorities regarding individual Safety reports, New Drug Application, and the annual Investigational New Drug Update (Trasi, 1994). The skill set accessible in the data management section, many additional things can be done. The interior talents of the section are not fully utilized. It is not fulfilling for persons and the organization. The prospects and the demands are there.

To what extent does states can to cooperates from realists perspective Essay

To what extent does states can to cooperates from realists perspective - Essay Example In the modern world, a bunch of subjects compete for attention as a result of the proliferation of issues that every international relations theory seeks to acknowledge (Jan, 2008, p 473; Brown, 1998, p 26). There are three prominent theories that endeavor to explain international relations and cooperation. These are the realism theory, constructivism theory and the liberal theory. This discussion seeks to explore the extent in which countries can cooperate from a realist’s perspective. Cooperation of most states arises in a realist manner where countries unite at the face of adversity. When countries perceive an increasing threat that may interfere with their interests, they collaborate momentarily. For instance, some of the Gulf States joined hands with Saudi Arabia at the looming threat of conflict between Iraq and Iran. As a GCC member state, Saudi Arabia was concerned that some small states may collaborate with either Iran or Iraq, both of which are its adversaries. Saudi Arabia reached for the smaller Gulf States to unite momentary to counter the regional hegemony wars involving Iraq and Iran. Further, cooperation between member states happens when the six states making up the GCC perceive a common interest in the cooperation. Cooperation of the member states happens mostly on economic basis. It is for that reason that there exists fluid cooperation on other aspects affecting individual states. Cooperation in a realist world happens when states have great interest in two principal areas; security and economics. What is realism? Realism theory of international relations views world politics as being advanced by competing self interests. Proponents of realism theory observe that the tensions and relations between countries is a battle of supremacy in which every country wants to preserve and enhance its military security and economic welfare at the expense of other nations. Unlike the liberal theory, that views international relations as a win-win si tuation, realist theory perceives international relations as a zero-sum game. This implies that gains in one nation come at the cost of others (Gismondi, 2008). Conventional realism stemmed from the failure to maintain peace after world war one. Realist theory is linked with terms such as realpolitik, geopolitics and balance of power. Realism theory presents grim view of global relations as being in a unending state of conflict and war. Power, economic and material possessions, capabilities and security motivate and guide state more than humanity and altruism values. Modern realism Modern realism started as a reaction to the breakdown of the international order of the post world war one in 1930s. The collapse of great power cooperation after the Second World War helped form realism as the dominant approach to the premise and application of global politics in the United States. During the cold war, endeavors to replace realism from its prevailing position were continuously disillusio ned by the unending salience of the soviet-America antagonism. The cold war antagonism, however, ended in early 1990s after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, leaving United States as the key superpower. However, china is emerging as a superpower, countering the United States unipolar moment. Basic tenets of realism theo

Arthur Miller creates dramatic tension Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller creates dramatic tension Essay The Crucible is set in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. It starts when Parris, the local- and rather unpopular- reverend in Salem discovers his daughter Betty, niece Abigail and many other young women from the village dancing and chanting in the forest, led by his slave Tituba. Tituba is from the West Indies, so has a set of traditions and beliefs which seem very alien to the Puritan citizens of Salem. When Betty and another girl involved in the dancing dont wake up the next day, and just lie in a trance-like state, there are rumours of witchcraft afoot. With the arrival of Hale, an open- minded but overly righteous witch- hunter, Abby and Tituba claim to have been possessed by the spirits of witches in Salem. Abby, along with some other girls, start accusing many people. Those who confess to devil worship are saved; those who do not are charged to be hanged. In court, the girls faint, and claim to have terrible pains and see horrific visions, all induced by the witch on trial. Their tactics are powerful, so those conducting the proceedings do not really consider they may be faking. Also, no one dares express sympathy for those charged, for fear of being accused themselves. As Abby and the other girls become court officials, people are wary of crossing them. Abby is a very overpowering character. She is seventeen and ravishingly beautiful. Whilst working as a maid for Elizabeth Proctor, she had an affair with her husband John. Abby still has feelings for him, and consequently despises his wife Goody Proctor. In the forest, she cast a spell to try and kill her. The affair has created a lot of tension between the married couple, and it seems John has never quite won back his wifes trust. When the couples maid, Mary Warren, reveals that Elizabeths name has been mentioned in court when witchcraft was being discussed, Goody Proctor is desperate for John to appeal to the court before she is formally charged. This is because Abby revealed to Proctor there was no witchcraft involved in Bettys trance-like state, claiming, She just took fright, is all. Proctor is a highly passionate man, who can be hot-headed. He has to live with the terrible guilt of his affair, which he greatly regrets. He still has feelings for Abby, but he is too ashamed of his weakness in character to do anything about them, seeing what the initial affair did to his relationship with his wife. He still loves Elizabeth, but succumbed to the beautiful girl who had been a temptation to him whilst his wife was ill. When Hale arrives at their house to question the couple, Proctor questions Hale to see whether he has considered the fact the girls might be lying, and reveals what Abby told him. This appears to send Hale into turmoil. Before Proctor has a chance to make an official complaint, Cheever arrives with an arrest warrant for Elizabeth. She is one of sixteen arrested, along with other respected women like the godly Rebecca Nurse. Giles Coreys wife, Martha, is arrested because he informed Hale he found it difficult to pray when she was reading. Proctors servant Mary knows Abby is making false accusations, so he forces her to tell the court officials of this the next day. Act Three takes place in a courtroom. It is the site where many have been condemned to die and many horrific accusations have been made, so there is already an ominous atmosphere. It is then that we are introduced to Danforth, a court judge with a very rigid view. Proctor, Corey and Frances Nurse, husband of the condemned Rebecca, are all anxious to prove their wives innocence. Mary Warren has come to admit she was faking, but she is petrified about speaking out against Abby and the possible consequences. When it is revealed Elizabeth is pregnant, and therefore will not be hanged for around a year at least, Proctor is given the option of accepting this and doing no more. However, he feels he has to save the others who have been charged as well. To Danforth, this seems to suggest Proctor is just trying to undermine the court rather than just save his wife, as he initially claimed. To us, it is evidence of Proctors bravery and conscience. Hale, who has in the past acted quite righteously and tried to root out witches, finally sees that Abby may be lying. He decides to support Proctor, which might put pressure on Danforth to accept that some of the condemnations were untrue. If Danforth admits this, however, he will be publicly disgraced, as he will be seen as responsible for the deaths of many innocent citizens, based on juvenile, callous accusation. The climax of the scene is brought about by Abbys quick- thinking. She is relieved when Elizabeth lies about the affair, and sees the moment as her chance to turn the situation to her favour. She, and subsequently the other girls, claim to see a yellow bird, possessed by the spirit of Mary Warren. Abby does this to pressurise Mary into lying again, to avoid being condemned as a witch. The scene becomes highly charged as Proctor and the others struggle to convince Danforth the girls are faking, Abby becomes more hysterical and Mary is in a dilemma about whether she should listen to her conscience and risk being condemned or lie to save herself. There is conflict between Mary Warren and Abby. Before all the witchcraft incidents, Abby was very dominant in her relationship with Mary, possibly resenting the fact Mary took her job when Elizabeth discovered the relationship between Abby and John. As Mary is used to be treated like an inferior, she is scared to speak out against Abby. Abby seems to be the more intelligent and powerful of the two, and Mary is afraid that if her claim against Abby is deemed a lie, then Abby will find a way to get back at her. Tension is created as Mary is under pressure from Proctor to admit she and the other girls lied and contributed to the execution of innocent villagers. In contrast, Abby is desperate for Mary to keep lying to avoid being exposed. As the audience, we are tense to see if Mary will overcome or succumb to the peer pressure. When Abby claims to see a yellow bird, this forces Mary into a decision to support her rather than Proctor. She is close to being tried as a witch and has to find a way to shift the blame, which is basically the foundation of all the trials. There is also a sense that her will is simply overpowered by Abbys will. The characters in this scene are all very important, and all contribute to the tense atmosphere. There is lots of conflict between them, causing a feeling of suppressed emotions that are being forced out. In particular, there is conflict between Proctor and Abby, and this is complicated by the fact that we know that Proctor is both physically attracted to and yet hates Abby. When Proctor admits to the affair he has so strenuously kept secret before, it shows the depth of the battle between him and Abby. Miller uses dramatic irony in this scene. We, as the audience, know that Proctor, Corey and Nurse are telling the truth and so we see through Abbys act and want the truth to prevail. However, characters such as Hale and Danforth have no evidence either way, but are perhaps pre-disposed to believe Abby as they have executed people on her word (and would lose face if it became known she was lying). Miller plays with us, and builds up the tension, by alternately giving us cause to hope that the truth will be revealed and to fear that it will not. For example, there are times when we are led to hope that Danforth will give credit to what he is told by Mary, as, contrary to what Parris advises, he does hear her out, and, in response to Parris immediate denunciation, states, it strike hard upon me that she will dare to come here with such a tale. Similarly, there are times when Hales response gives hope. He admits to always having had doubts about Abby. However, we lose hope when Danforth orders that those who signed Giles petitions must all be arrested, when Abby convincingly protests her innocence, and when the girls claim to be affected by witchcraft. Proctors dramatic revelation of his adultery with Abby looks at one point as if it may sway Danforth, but our hopes are dashed when Elizabeth denies he is a lecher, believing she is doing so in his best interests. When Mary is won over by Abby, we see that Abby has decisively triumphed. After the drama of the girls hysteria, we are left feeling deflated. To conclude, Miller uses a variety of tactics to create tension. He uses theatre techniques like dramatic irony to do so. The conflicting characters are also a major contributor. The scene is a battle between good and evil, and the constantly changing winning side makes us tense. There are moments where everything looks hopeful but then the evidence is turned around to go against what it proves.

Impact of the Cold War on the World Economies Essay -- Russia vs Ameri

Abstract from Paper World War II created many issues on a world wide scale, two different forms a government were fighting for influence. This created a divide between communist countries and democratic counties which set up the Cold War. This divided world created a globalized economy unlike ever before, one with communist countries and one with democratic. All the countries of the world, of each government type, were interconnected and dependent on each other. The countries of the opposite group were not traded with, all the trading was done within a countries own group. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Keeping a nation’s economy going is a very difficult balancing act. Things the country itself does, like pass new laws, can effect a countries economy greatly. Situations were economies are hurt by new laws are completely in the hands of the countries government. In some situations it’s not in their control at all. This is like the situation with Scotland and its trade with Russia. The actions Russia has taken with the Ukraine have caused the European Union to put sanctions on Russia. This intern has hurt Scotland’s economy greatly. The country usually exports 45 million GPD of food and drink to Russia but 22 million GPD was stopped by the sanctions. That is a huge loss in revenue and has far reaching affects, the normal trade of these countries can be seen in the image bellow. Also it not only affects that sector of the economy but ripples through the whole economy (Maddox). However, this situation is not a new one and its causes can be traced back to the Cold W ar. World War II created many issues on a world wide scale, two different forms a government were fighting for influence.... ...illars in the modern globalized democratic economy, alongside the U.S., causing many issues and creating a worldwide economic rift even to this day. WORKS CITED â€Å"Hoffman Reports Gain in ‘Cold War'† New York Times, December 8,1949. Maddox, David. â€Å"Nato tells Putin: ‘We stand with Ukraine’ The Scotsman, September 5, 2014. McWilliams, Wayne C., and Harry Piotrowski. The World since 1945: A History of International Relations. 7th ed. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009. Our Own Correspondent, et al. â€Å"Occupation Powers And European Economy.† Times [London, England] 11 Apr. 1950: 6. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 16 Apr. 2015. Painter, David. The Cold War An International History. New York: Routledge, 1999. Simensen, Jarle. â€Å"Democracy and Globalization; Nineteen Eighty-nine and the â€Å"Third Wave† Journal of World History 10.2 (1999) 391-411.

Marijuana Exploratory

Jamal Mujaddidi English 205 Professor Jay 8 April 2010 Exploratory Essay Legalization: Good or Bad? As part of the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, Marijuana for all purposes was outlawed nationwide. Prior to this Act, over 30 states had prohibition laws towards Marijuana because farmers who employed mainly Hispanic workers complained that this drug would cause people to become â€Å"slow† or â€Å"lazy† and would also cause the users to become addicted. Besides the popularity among this crowd, marijuana was used as an intoxicant during the 1850’s through the 1930’s and was listed in the United States Pharmacopeia. The active ingredient in marijuana is THC, or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, but this is only one of the 400 other chemicals that are in the plant (TheWELL). It was prescribed for conditions such as labor pain, nausea, arthritis, and rheumatism (DeLisle). It was only after individuals began committing crimes while under the influence of Marijuana that the U. S. Federal Bureau of Narcotics gave marijuana the image of a powerful, addicting, substance that would lead users into a more serious addiction. In the 1960s, it was mainly used by college students and â€Å"hippies,† and subsequently became a symbol of rebellion against authority. Marijuana use became a commonplace issue in congress which led to The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 which classified marijuana along with LSD and heroin as S1 drugs, otherwise known as substances which have the highest relative abuse potential and no form of medical use (DEA). Widespread eradication of marijuana and marijuana products began. The current opponents of marijuana legalization claim that marijuana does have addictive qualities and is an epidemic on America’s youth. This crowd presents that marijuana is a â€Å"silent-killer† due to a fungus and mold which can easily grow on the part which is smoked by users (PRNewswire). This fungus can cause lung cancer and they have deemed marijuana as bio-hazardous. The opposition also goes to say that marijuana can have adverse effects on the brain and can cause brain-cells to die. Some research suggests that use of marijuana during pregnancy can result in premature birth and low birth weights and can even cause temporary loss of fertility. Along with adverse effects on the reproductive system, the opposition claims that marijuana use during adolescence can be harmful to physical and sexual development. This side pushes for further prohibition of marijuana and stricter punishments due to their beliefs that the negatives outweigh the benefits. In the middle of this debate, stand the moderate marijuana use supporters. This side views marijuana use as a potential alternative to painkillers which are detrimental to vital organs. This crowd is mainly made up of physicians and health-care professionals, as wells as patients of chronic illnesses and pain. Doctors and nurses say that cannabis is a less toxic and less expensive medicine for diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease, migraines, cancers, and many other disorders which cause chronic symptoms and pain. This side also states that marijuana’s versatile nature allows patients to gain the pain relieving effects through ingestion, canceling out the negative effects of smoking. Besides all these benefits, this crowd pushes for a safe, reliable and quality-controlled source of marijuana which can only be achieved through legalization. It is believed that after this source is created, many adverse effects of â€Å"bad† marijuana will disperse. Another camp of this debate is the supporters of full legalization of marijuana use and growth for medicinal and recreational use. These supporters claim that marijuana should be allowed to be used in the way alcohol and cigarettes are used recreationally. They state these comparisons have worse long-term effects than THC and yet they are taxed and regulated. Another point they make is that marijuana would inject millions of dollars into the economy once government grown marijuana is taxed. Besides the smoking and ingesting of the drug, the plant can be used for its naturally produced fiber known as hemp. This can be cultivated from the stem of the plant and used commercially and industrially for paper, textiles, biodegradable products and medical purposes. Overall, they believe the claimed dangers of marijuana are exaggerated and not enough medical trials have been done to verify these claims. As a college level youth and the Legalization of marijuana use in California is on the ballot, I am interested in learning about this issue before I cast my vote. I have seen the benefits of medicinal marijuana in my family and can attest to the pain relieving effects. As for the recreational use, I believe that alcohol is a much more dangerous substance that can be detrimental to mental and physical health and cause irrational decisions while under the influence. Prohibition has shown to not be a viable solution in the past and I don’t think it can ever solve anything. Regulation on the other hand can prove to be effective because substances will not be bought and traded illegally. I think the legalization of marijuana will improve lives, decrease crimes, and slightly improve the economy. Works Cited DeLisle, Judi. _Medical Marijuana Research Guide. Valencia West Campus Library_. Web. 20 Mar. 2007. 7 Apr. 2010. â€Å"DEA, Controlled Substances Act. † Welcome to the United States Department of Justice. Web. 08 Apr. 2010. â€Å"The Marijuana Initiative Is a Silent Killed and It Should be Defeated – Los Angeles, March 25/PRNewswire/. †_PR Newswire: Press Release Distribution, Targeting, Monitoring and Marketing. _Web. 08 Apr. 2010. â€Å"Fact Sheet – Marijuana. † The WELL – The Birthplace of the Online Community Movement. Web. 08 Apr. 2010.

Introduction of Tea Essay

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction Tea, however has been a beverage in China as early as 10th century BC. Many nations throughout history have savored it and some of them are China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Greece, India, Iran and Turkey. Also, aside from being considered as a run of the mill drink, tea presents supposed health benefits. Some authorities say that drinking tea allegedly helps in preventing cancer. Of course, there are detractors who say that drinking tea can also cause coronary disease. Some even say that the consumption of various forms of tea results in acute liver damage. Considering all of these, tea, therefore can be divisive. There is, however, another way that people uniformly view tea: it can ba a viable product or business. In fact, almost all restaurants in the country offer Ices Tea. Nestle makes money out of Nestea. Tea indeed is a profitable business venture. Nowadays, there is a new tea craze sweeping the metropolis. People line up to savor this new incarnation of tea. Some even spend more than 30 minutes just to drink this new fad. It is milk tea. ——— What’s your comfort indulgence? A warm cup of coffee at the start of the day?Or maybe a mug of hot chocolate after a stressful week? For those of you who have a taste for unique, rich flavors and are craving something new yet familiar, there’s a cozy little cafe that offers just the thing you need. Nowadays, beverages are one of the most popular hangouts among adults and young adults or those whom we call â€Å"yuppies† or young urban professionals. This is the place where they can have the opportunity to relax, unwind after an exhausting week of work. The emergence of new beverage establishments is also evident these days. As a result, tight competition arises among beverage establishment. Competition  among beverages should not be the only focus of attention of beverage managers. They also have to consider the effects of the continuing economical crisis that we are experiencing today and how they will be able to handle difficult situations up with it so that their business will continue it’s operation and not be affected. The uses of promotional strategies are very famous among beverage establishments. This helps them attract more potential customers. It is also a business strategy that they can use to be able to context the tight competition, face the continuous worsening of our economy and at the same time be able to give their customer’s satisfaction in the products and services they are availing. This study is focus on promotional strategies employed by the selected Happy Lemon branches. The establishment was chosen because of the interest of the researcher which is a field of study of the researcher. Similarly the topic promotional strategies are one of the practices, most popular and common among beverages establishments to attract their customers, which the researcher should be familiar with as future entrepreneurs. Review of Related Literature A. Milk Tea in The Philippines In the past year, tea shops are increasing all over the metro, effectively cementing its place as the biggest food/beverage trend of 2011. According to Bianca Consunji and RonnaCapili, Milk Tea is more affordable than cold designer coffee. B. Milk Tea As a Business Originally from Hong Kong, Happy Lemon was brought to the country by a group of Chinese-Filipino businessmen who have been friends since grade school and college: Kelvin Gaisano, Kristine Gaisano, Smart Gilas player/TV host Chris Tiu, Andy See, Wesley Pardilla, and Edward Go. The young entrepreneurs share a common love for milk tea. Since there are only a few restaurants which serve good quality milk tea in the Philippines, they went abroad in search for the best cup of milk tea. Then, Kelvin got an idea.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why don’t we put up a milk tea business?† he suggested. All agreed. But finding the perfect brand to bring to the Philippines was the challenge. Chris Tiu related: â€Å"Filipinos, to some extent, have already been introduced to milk tea, but we want them to develop a deeper appreciation for it by offering quality beverages that boast of unique and delicious flavors, made from the freshest ingredients from around the world.† Kelvin Gaisano added: â€Å"We know there are risks involved. But we also believe that there is an under-served market for milk tea.† In their quest to find the best milk tea, the seven young businessmen went everywhere and tried different milk tea brands. One day, they chanced upon Happy Lemon, a Hong Kong-based milk tea business that has been in the market since 2006. As they waltzed inside the store and started looking at the menu, they knew they had found â€Å"The One.† They agreed to bring the brand home to the Philippines. However, it wasn’t an easy task. Tiu shared that they had to wait long before the franchise was finally granted to them. â€Å"It was a long process of courtship,† he said. â€Å"For one, we didn’t know who to contact for the franchising. Two, only one of us, Andy See, knows how to speak straight Mandarin.† They sent letter after letter. They followed up each letter with calls, but they received no reply at all until September 2009 when someone from the Happy Lemon headquarters in Hong Kong informed them that they were open to the idea of establishing Happy Lemon in the Philippines. In November 2010, Happy Lemon opened its door to Filipino milk tea lovers, including those who are curious about the brand. A quick look at the beverage menu is enough to pique one’s curiosity. Using the good quality tea leaves imported from China which are freshly brewed every day, Happy Lemon has several milk tea variants such as the Lemon Series, recommended for those who feel thirsty; the Rock Salt Cheese, their best-seller; the plain Milk Tea series; Mousse Spin, which is more popular among the younger ones; Cocoa & Coffee, which is more chocolate and coffee based with several toppings; and the exotic Specialty Drinks and Fresh Tea drinks, which are less sugary and specially made for health conscious individuals. For former King Eagle and current television host Chris Tiu, it was a love for bubble tea that led to joining the Gaisano family and their partners in bringing Hong Kong’s Happy Lemon brand to local shores.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In Vancouver, Canada, the tea places are really packed. Here, it’s always been about coffee, so we think that there’s room for Filipinos to learn to appreciate tea,† he shares. ——- Happy Lemon is a Hong Kong-based drink shop brought to the Philippines by a group of friends from Ateneo, who have discovered it during their travels and grown to love it. Happy Lemon has over 100 branches worldwide, with the first local branch having opened at the Promenade in Green hills only last November. Due to its immense popularity, new branches are already being planned for Eastwood and Power plant Mall. But, what makes Happy Lemon different from all the other beverage hubs cropping up lately? Athlete and TV host Chris Tiu, head of Happy Lemon’s Marketing and Business Development, says, â€Å"First of all, everything is fresh. The products, they’re all made from freshly brewed tea, so the flavor is more distinct. Plus, the products are very unique. The company spends a lot in and research and development, so they’re really [high] quality. It’s not like other brands that are mostly powdered lang.† He explained that while most fast drink providers are for to-go orders only, the group wanted Happy Lemon to be more of a homey place with a warm, welcoming ambiance. â€Å"We want to make it a destination where people can go and hang out with their friends,† says Chris. â€Å"Instead of going out on gimmicks at night or drinking alcohol, go here na lang. Wholesome tayo, ‘di ba? Healthy pa!† CJ de los Santos, Cosmo.ph Staff Writer May 23, 2011 —— Occasion Based Marketing is an approach to connect when and why consumers use the product with how they shop for the product. Companies need to realize that their customers are not only different from each other, but are also different from themselves at different times. People have different needs when they are at work and when they are at home or socializing. The results of this study would mean that the consumer durable companies and  retailers are adapting various promotional strategies to attract deal prone, promotion liking customers. Consumers are bombarded with messages pitched through a growing number of channels: broadcast and narrow cast television, radio, on-line computer networks, the internet, telephone services such as fax and telemarketing, and niche magazines and other print media. In developing the product strategy, marketers strive for the right mix of promotional elements to make sure that their product is well received. One of the primary goals of a customer promotion is to entice the customer to take the final step and make a purchase; Advertising creates the interest and excitement that brings the consumer into the store. Marketers then use other tactics in conjunction with advertising programs. In addition to leading to the final decision to buy an item, consumer promotions programs can be highly effective in bringing traffic into a store and generating brand loyalty. (Stanley George June 30, 2012) Many marketers believe that behavioral variables – occasions, benefits, user status, usage rate, loyalty status, buyer readiness stage, and attitude- are the best starting points for constructing market segments (Philip Kotler, Keller, Koshy and Jha, 2007). Buyers can be distinguished according to the occasions they develop a need, purchase a product or use a product (Philip Kotler, 2002). Marketing managers and advertising agencies have realized that to make their communication programs effective, they have to rely on sales promotions, public relations, personal selling, and direct marketing, in addition to conventional advertising campaigns. In today’s markets it is no longer a choice between advertising or promotion; rather, it is a combination of advertising and promotion (Roberto and Roberto, 2005). Research has shown that advertising is most effective when used along with sales promotion, and sales promotions are more effective when communicated well through advertising so as to increase awareness of the promotional offers (Joseph and Sivakumaran, 2008) Statement of the Problem The study intended to determine the Effectiveness of the Promotional Strategies employed by the selected branches of Happy Lemon. Specifically, the study aims to answer the following sub problem. 1. What is the profile of the customers?  2. What are the reasons for customers patronage in response to the promotional strategies? 3. How do the customers perceive the Effectiveness of the strategies as promotional tool? 4. What are the common problems the customers encounter? 5. What are the comments and suggestions to improve their promotional strategies? Significance of the Study Industry Partners of SPUQC. The study enables the Industry Partners of SPUQC to know the preferred non-alcoholic beverages of students of SPUQC for them to manufacture more of those and to accrue more profit. Entreprenuers. The study enables the entrepreneurs to be aware of what are the popular non-alcoholic beverages in the present and for them to innovate and manufacture to accrue more profits. Students of St. Paul University Quezon City. This study enables the students to be satisfied with their preferred non-alcoholic beverages and for them to know the positive and negative effects of it. Future Researchers. The study enables the future researchers to make this research as their starting point and for them to have a reference to base on what are the preferences of students on non-alcoholic beverages. Scope and Limitation This study will deal with the Effectiveness of the Promotional Strategies of Selected Happy Lemon Branches As Perceived by the Customers The variables are non-alcoholic beverages which are soft drinks, juices, tea, coffee, milk, energy drinks, chocolate drinks. This study will only include random college students of all the courses in St. Paul University Quezon City and random customers of Happy Lemon.

The IMF and the Bretton Woods Agreements essays

The IMF and the Bretton Woods Agreements essays The international financial system has been radically altered since the worldwide depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s. This change is due in large part to the inception of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its subsequent control over the international financial system. In this paper I will examine the extensive role of the Bretton Woods system of exchange rates and the gold standard. Additionally, I will examine the role that the IMF has taken on since the demise of the gold standard. To begin, we must examine the circumstances that surround the creation of the IMF, who the actors are and what each of their roles are as member countries. The IMF was created as a result of the worldwide market collapse that took place initially in October of 1929. The domino effect that took place when the first market crashed was seen to be a situation so severe that world powers felt that drastic measures needed to be taken to ensure that this was the last global financial crisis that the world would face. Its creation in 1944 was the beginning of a new era for the international financial system. The creation of the IMF occurred at Bretton Woods along with the World Bank and the system of fixed exchange rates and the gold standard for currency. Under this system, the US dollar was tied to gold by a United States government commitment to buy it at $35.00 and ounce and sell to central banks at the same price (excluding handling and other charges). Other participating countries maintained the exchange values of their currencies at prices which were almost fixed in terms of the dollar (the values fluctuate normally not more than one percent on either side of their parities), with the result that exchange rates were almost universally fixed. Other governments carried out their commitments by selling internationally acceptable liquid resources when there was an excess demand for foreign currencies in terms of their own curr...

Get a Certified Copy of Your Birth Certificate

Get a Certified Copy of Your Birth Certificate A certified copy of an original birth certificate is becoming increasingly important as a required form of identification. A certified birth certificate copy is required for getting a US passport and when applying for Social Security benefits. It is also  considered valid proof of US citizenship by federal, state and local government agencies. A birth certificate may be required when applying for some jobs and may, in the future, be required when getting or renewing a drivers license. Best to Get a 'Certified' Copy of Your Birth Certificate In most cases, a simple photocopy of your original birth certificate will not be considered as a sufficient form of identification. Instead, you will be required to have a certified copy of your birth certificate issued by the state in which your birth was recorded.   A certified copy of a birth certificate has an official state registrars raised, embossed, impressed or multicolored seal, registrars signature, and the date the certificate was filed with the registrars office, which must be within one year of the persons date of birth. NOTE: A certified  copy of the applicant’s birth certificate is required when applying for the Transportation Safety Administration’s (TSA) popular  PreCheck  program, which allows members to pass through the security lines at more than 180 airports without needing to remove their shoes, laptops, liquids, belts, and light jackets. The importance of having a certified copy of your birth certificate should never be understated. Indeed, in the United States, it is considered the Holy Grail of proof of identity. Certified copies of birth certificates are one of the four vital records (birth, death, marriage, and divorce) that can be used to prove U.S. citizenship. How to Get a Certified Birth Certificate The federal government does not provide copies of birth certificates, marriage licenses, divorce decrees, death certificates, or any other personal vital records. Copies of birth certificates and other personal vital records can only be obtained from the state or US possession where the documents were originally filed. Most states provide a centralized source from which birth certificates and other vital records can be ordered. Each state and US possession  will have its own set of rules and fees for ordering certified birth certificates on other vital records. Rules, ordering instructions and fees for all 50 states, the District of Columbia and all US possessions can be found on the Where to Write for Vital Records web page, helpfully maintained by the US Centers for Disease Control. Do Not Order the 'Abstract' Version When ordering, be aware that shortened (abstract) versions of birth certificates offered by some states may not be acceptable when applying for a US passport, drivers license, Social Security benefits or many other purposes. Be sure to order only the full, certified copy of the original birth certificate bearing the registrars raised, embossed, impressed or multicolored seal, registrars signature, and the date the certificate was filed with the registrars office. If You Need to Replace Your Original Birth Certificate In some cases, you may need to replace your original birth certificate. Find the website of the vital records office in the state where you were born and follow their walk in, write in, or online application instructions. You will probably need a state-issued form of photo ID, like driver’s license. If you don’t have a state-issued photo ID, call and see what options may be available. One solution some states offer is to have your mother or father whose name is on the birth certificate submit a notarized letter with a copy of their photo ID for the request.

Unit iii assesment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unit iii assesment - Coursework Example Some activities can be complex for proper time estimate. Project guidelines support the breaking down of activities that take more than 10% of the project schedule. Normally, the breakdown technique reduces activities to smaller tasks making it easier for the project manager to estimate the duration of tasks performed by workers accurately (Kerzer, 2001). Expert judgment involves contracting the services of experts who have experience and reputation for knowledge of a particular field in estimating activity duration. Managers use expert judgment over internally generated estimates if it is available at a reasonable cost (Kerzer, 2001). Project managers who have knowledge about the resources of a particular activity can calculate the efforts necessary for the project and arrive at its duration. This involves adding the amount of labor time for completion of the activity to the time needed for obtaining materials. This technique is advantageous as it allows managers to track the usage of resources and make comparisons with estimates (Kerzer, 2001). Both large and small businesses use this technique in estimating the duration of projects. Managers calculate the time it takes to produce a certain amount of output and make necessary adjustments for economies of scale (Kerzer, 2001). This technique involves listing resources needed for a project and totaling the corresponding costs. This technique is mostly used for complicated projects. Resources listed may include equipment, services, and material costs (Kerzer, 2001). Cost per unit can be used to evaluate simple projects. Typical applications of this technique include building and renovation costs. Unit costs can be obtained from industry associations or from prospective suppliers (Kerzer, 2001). An empirical approach is applicable when the project is typical of the industry or other firms have done similar projects in the past. This technique involves evaluation of systems with statistical information

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Qatar sporting legacy - Dissertation Example Having won the bid for the 2022 FIFA World Cup made Qatar the highlight of sports news, as the nation continues to establish and consolidate its position as a prime sporting destination. In line with the economic potential of hosting local and international sports events, the present study aims to determine the social, political and economic factors as the foundation that helped build Qatar's sporting legacy. A qualitative approach has been utilized, wherein data collection was processed using interview responses as primary sources, whereas journals, and the like, have been used as secondary sources. The study focused on answering the questions, (1) Can Qatar be a viable venue for holding sports events (2) Does Qatar have the necessary sporting infrastructure, economic and political stability to sustain its sporting legacy on a long term basis, (3) Can other Asian countries sustain a sporting legacy, similar to what Qatar has done. The researcher was able to determine that Qatar has the resources and the capacity to become a prime venue for holding both international and local sports events, as well as sustain its sports legacy on a long term basis. This is due to the country’s stable economic and political state, as supported by the nation's passion towards sports. It has also been found that other Asian economies would only be able to emulate Qatar's sporting legacy, given that the factors necessitated in creating one would be present. Chapter 1 Introduction Sports stand to command a pivotal place in Qatar’s social and national life. One primary reason behind this phenomenon is the fact that people in the Middle East do have a special predilection for outdoor activities. The sports legacy of Qatar is a unique mix of the new developments as well as the age old traditions. This is why, since the last two decades, the government of Qatar has embarked on a unique policy to promote the local and international sports in Qatar (QSC, 2010). The primary thrust of this policy is to introduce and support new sports like golf, soccer and tennis, while at the same time encouraging traditional sports like camel racing and horse racing. There is no denying the fact that modern Qatar can proudly boast of some of the best, world class sports facilities. Qatar not only intends to promote sports within the country, but also aspires to evolve into a popular tourist destination. The hosting of international sports events and competitions by Qatar has stimulated and enhanced the interest of the local population in sports (QSC, 2010). The awarding of 2022 FIFA World Cup to Qatar came as a surprise to most of the Asians, Americans and Europeans. However, the fact is that this Gulf

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Verbal abuse in relationships - Essay Example Foul or demeaning languages refer to using words such as idiot or stupid or swear words to cause someone to think less of him or herself. Hence language is utilized to put down the other person and acquire a psychological advantage over the abused and where the abusers hence see themselves as superior. In this case, one person demeans the other via the utilization of language. Intimidating or hostile volume, tone, or intensity of the way the message is delivered might be seen as screaming, yelling or shouting or alternately, talking quietly though intensely, with the intention of instilling fear in the other person. Typically this type of verbal abuse makes the abused to comply due to fear of self-harm, above all scaring the abused that the issues might escalate to consist of physical abuse (Gary1). Threats are meant to intimidate or scare the victim into submission. It can be of bodily harm to an individual or other family, the person’s pet or friends. Threats can also include making total lies about an individual or exposing secrets such to either cause to appear bad in another person’s eyes or humiliate them. Threats can also be towards material goods as in telling someone they will demolish something. Furthermore, threats can also be financial, hence wanting to hold an individual captive by intimating poverty (Gary2). Sarcasm is the use of humor to disguise threatening or belittling language. Hence the information is conveyed in such a way in order to provide two different messages. The external message is that the intent is levity or humor whilst the inner message is one that, threatens, demeans or belittles. Since the conveyer of the message makes use of humor to disguise the message, the conveyer will attempt to deny the deeper message when confronted, hence leaving the receiver of the message rather disarmed and not able to protect themselves against

Secure Vehicular Traffic Re-routing System using SCMS

Secure Vehicular Traffic Re-routing System using SCMS Secure Vehicular Traffic Re-routing System using SCMS in connected cars ABSTRACT The centralized system encounters two vital issues, the centralized server needs to accomplish genuine calculation and communication with the other vehicles continuously, which can make such architecture infeasible for extensive zones with various vehicles; and driver security is not guaranteed since the drivers need to share their area furthermore the beginning stages and goal of their excursion with the server, which may keep the acknowledgment of such courses of action. To address these issues, a half and half vehicular rerouting structure is enlivened. The structure off-weights a tremendous part of the rerouting figuring at the vehicles, and therefore, the re-coordinating system gets the opportunity to be useful persistently. To settle on group rerouting decisions, the vehicles exchange messages over vehicular extraordinarily delegated frameworks. The system is hybrid since notwithstanding it uses a server to choose an exact overall point of view of the development more than 2G/3 G affiliation. Likewise imperative is that the customer security is balanced with the rerouting ampleness. SCMS issues advanced endorsements to taking an interest vehicles for setting up trust among other vehicle, which is imperative for prosperity applications in perspective of vehicle-to-vehicle correspondences. It underpins four principal use cases, to be particular, bootstrapping, endorsement provisioning, bad conduct reporting and renouncement. The principle outline aim is to give both security and insurance to the greatest degree sensible and possible. To fulfill the last specified, vehicles are provided pseudonym certificates, and the provisioning of those supports is partitioned among different affiliations. The essential challenges is to energize capable renouncement while giving insurance against various attacks from insiders. Keywords Intelligent vehicles, VANET, SCMS, IOT, P2P Communication, Traffic Re-Routing. Traffic congestion has changed into a continually developing issue the world over. Blockage diminishes ampleness of transportation foundation and expands travel time, air pollution, and fuel utilize. Traffic blockage acknowledged urban Americans to travel 4.8 billion hours more than should be required and to buy an additional 1.9 billion gallons of fuel, for a stop up cost of $101 billion in 2010. It is normal that by 2015, this cost will scale to $133 billion (i.e., more than $900 for each expert). The measure of abused fuel will hop to 2.5 billion gallons (i.e., enough to all more than 275,000 gas tanker trucks) [1]. While blockage is, figuratively speaking, considered as a significant city issue, delays are winding up being consistently normal in negligible urban areas and some commonplace zones also. Starting now and into the foreseeable future, finding reasonable reactions for clog adjust at sensible expenses is changing into a stringent issue. The considering is that all the more convincing vehicle re-directing can be proactively given to individual drivers accommodatingly, in light of the communitarian information amassed from shrewd mobile phones or structures presented in vehicles, to encourage the impacts of blockage in the city. The advances of the rising distinguishing and get ready pushes empowers unavoidable change of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). ITS arrangements to update the voyager encounter by melding advancement and data into the present transportation structure. Vehicle re-coordinating framework (VRS) progression is a subset of ITS. In the previous 30 years, assorted VRS advancements have been considered and made the world over using unmistakable courses of action to accomplish chop down travel time for drivers. At present static passed on street side sensors (e.g., acknowledgment circles, camcorders) and vehicles going about as versatile sensors (i.e., utilizing implanted vehicular frameworks or pushed cells) can collect steady information to screen the activity at fine granularity. For instance, the Mobile Millennium widen [2] demonstrated that specific a low rate of drivers need to offer information to satisfy a right activity see. The centralized system gathers reliable development information from vehicles and conceivably street side sensors, and it completes a couple re-routing methods to delegate another course to every re-routed vehicle in light of real travel time in the street deal with. Rather than utilizing basic most short way figurings, the re-guiding strategies utilize stack changing heuristics to figure the new course for an offered vehicle to relieve the potential blockage and to chop down the common travelling time for all vehicles. This specialized way is pushed to a vehicle driver when indications of blockage are seen on his stream way. Regardless, paying little personality to completing a tremendous decreasing in the travel time experienced by drivers, united strategies, for example, our own specific experience the malevolent effects of two trademark issues. In the first place, the central server needs to perform honest to goodness estimation (re-route vehicles to new ways) and correspondence with the vehicles (to send the course and to get territory redesigns) incessantly continuously. It would make centralized system infeasible for boundless districts with different vehicles. In a centralized Vehicle Re-routing framework, the server requires the steady area and moreover the starting point and goal of the vehicles to survey the activity conditions and give productive individual re-steering course. This prompts to significant security stresses toward the drivers and may keep the appointment of such blueprints in perspective of Big Brother fears. For whatever time span that vehiclesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ takes after are completely unveiled, clients character can without a lot of a broaden be comprehended paying little personality to the probability that monikers utilized [3]. This is an immediate consequence of the way that territory can contain individuals character data [4]. Besides, a movement of area tests will as time goes on reveal the vehicles personality [5]. In this way, it is significant to make the structure work without uncovering the customers Origin and destin ation (OD) sets and with inconsequential number of area overhauls along a client travel. In any case, a totally decentralized outline is not sensible for a proactive re-routing system. For example, by making vehicular specially appointed systems (VANETs), the vehicles can trade information using multi-jump correspondence, and in this manner can perceive signs of blockage in little correspondence while sparing their security. In any case, VANETs dont permit vehicles to get an exact worldwide activity perspective of the road arrange, achieving incorrectly or if nothing else minimum imperfect re-routing. In like manner, in a totally circulated plan, as a result of the nonattendance of a facilitator, the vehicles cant take synchronized exercises meanwhile, which makes it infeasible to settle on group arranged decisions persistently. To handle each one of these issues, this article proposes DIVERT, a dispersed vehicular re-routing system for blockage evading, which impacts both cell Internet and VANET correspondence. Possess is a crossbreed system since in spite of all that i t uses a server, reachable over the Internet, to choose an exact overall point of view of the movement. The consolidated server goes about as a coordinator that accumulates zone reports, recognizes movement blockage and scatters re-routing notices (i.e. overhauled travel times in the road framework) to the vehicles. In any case, the system offloads an unlimited part of the re-routing figuring at the vehicles and consequently the re-steering process gets the opportunity to be particularly helpful dynamically. To take synergistic re-routing decisions, the vehicles orchestrated in a comparable area trade messages over VANETs. Furthermore, DIVERT executes a security change tradition to guarantee the usersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ assurance, where each vehicle recognizes the road thickness locally using VANET and furtively reports data with a particular probability just from high activity thickness lanes. Right when signs of blockage are perceived, the server sends the action framework to the vehicles that sent the latest upgrades. Thusly, these vehicles scatter the action data got from the server in their locale. Customer security is uncommonly upgraded since this convention decreases radically the amount of vehicle area overhauls to the server and, thusly, the driver presentation and distinguishing proof dangers. Also, in this half and half plan, the server does not know the OD sets of the customers. Along these lines, the standard duty of this article is the scattered system for re-coordinating. Involve, has four crucial components: (1) a versatile structure building for appropriated re-routing, (2) dispersed re-routing estimations that use VANETs to vehicle accommodatingly enlist an individual alternative route for each vehicle that considers the incorporating vehiclesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ future ways. (3) security careful re-routing that on a very basic level decreases fragile area data presentation of the vehicles, and (4) upgrades to diminish the VANET overhead and henceforth improve vehicle-to-vehicle correspondence idleness. Re-Routing in VANET to keep away from congestion in the versatile environment by preserving security of client. Centralized System is not adaptable for expanding vehicles. Centralized System causes danger to the client protection No V2V security Emergence of Smart City programs in India Building In-App versatile minimal effort navigation Assigning separate course to every vehicle if there should be an occurrence of re-routing when congestion happens.. Protecting users privacy from server. Implementing security and credential management system among V2V communication Implementing hybrid model while communicating with server i.e. direct Vehicle- to-Server or Vehicle to RSU to Server communication. 5.1 Existing Vehicle Routing Services Projects, for instance, Mobile Millennium [14], CarTel , JamBayes , Nericell ,and surface street estimation [4] vehicle test data accumulated from vehicle on-board GPS devices to change the state of development and gage most constrained travel time. The proposed investigate moves past this idea: instead of investigating the achievability and precision of using PDAs as action sensors, this wander focuses on using that information to recommend courses more splendidly, in this way, fulfilling better adequacy to the extent keeping up a key separation from blockage and diminishing travel time. Organizations, for instance, INRIX [3] give continuous development information at a particular passing precision, which licenses drivers to pick elective courses if they are showing lower travel times. According to Wardrops first action concordance standard [6], this could incite to a customer perfect development adjust. It is known, in any case, that no real adjust can be found under stop up. A cou ple of exercises have been take in the headings of envisioning whole deal discontinuous and transient non-tedious blockages [4]. In any case, the handiness of these applications is in like manner confined: (i) they have exact information generally about interstates and along these lines are not particularly important for city development, and (ii) they cant keep up a key separation from stops up and, meanwhile, it is understood that no certified concordance can be found under blockage [3]. Non-repetitive blockages which address the greater part of all obstructs [8], are especially unsafe as drivers cant use their expert travel times to oversee them. 5.2 Location Privacy Protection There is reliably an trade-off among security and information sharing or disclosure. On the one side, the measure of the information collected particularly impacts the sufficiency of the system. Of course, information disclosure dismisses the all inclusive communitys security (e.g., region, heading). The request is the methods by which to evaluate the assurance and minimize the security spillage. Regarding the estimation, the work in explores the information spills in the question instruments of sorted out shared (P2P) obscure correspondence systems and how these breaks can be used to exchange off mystery. In the meantime, paper [14] described Self Exposure Risk Index (SERI) and External Exposure Risk Index (XERI) to assess the insurance spillage. Concerning region assurance, an unlimited variety of work spotlights on spatial covering to give k-namelessness, which guarantees a customer to be indistinct from at any rate k-1 others. The work in battles that both spatial and common estimations should be considered in the figuring to achieve better k-mystery, where a structure is proposed to engages each versatile client to show the base level of lack of definition that it needs and the most extraordinary transient and spatial strengths that it will recognize. Distinctive techniques can be used to fulfill impelled k-anonymity, for example, registers zone entropy while uses the prefix of the territory hash regard. To keep the zone taking after, achieves k-secrecy by implanting k-1 fake zone takes after. On an extremely essential level, k-obscurity reduces the way of the customers confinement, which is not material for steady region based organizations, for instance, persistent vehicle re-coordinating. The strategy in shows way perplexity approach which uses convenience desire to make a web of meeting ways, staying away from un-trusted zone based organizations from taking after customers while giving uncommonly corr ect constant region overhauls. A weakness careful way covering figuring is proposed in for sparing insurance in GPS takes after that can guarantee a level of security despite for customers driving in low-thickness domains. SCMS Manager: Ensures productive and reasonable operation of the SCMS, sets rules for checking on rowdiness and repudiation solicitations to guarantee that they are right as indicated by techniques. Certification Services: Provides data on which sorts of gadgets are guaranteed to get computerized testaments and indicates the affirmation procedure. CRL Store (CRLS): Stores and circulates CRLs. This is a basic go through capacity since CRLs are marked by the CRL Generator. CRL Broadcast (CRLB): Broadcasts the current CRL, might be done through Road Side Equipment (RSEs) or satellite radio framework, and so on. This is a go through capacity Device: An end-element gadget that sends BSMs, for instance On-Board Equipment (OBE) or After-market Safety Device (ASD). Device Configuration Manager (DCM): Provides confirmed data about SCMS part arrangement changes to gadgets, which may incorporate a segment changing its system address or testament, or handing-off approach choices issued by the SCMS Manager. It is likewise used to confirm the Enrollment CA that a gadget is qualified to get enlistment authentications. Enrollment CA (ECA): Issues enlistment endorsements, which go about as an international ID for the gadget and can be utilized to demand pen name. Diverse ECAs may issue enlistment declarations for various geographic areas, makers, or gadget sorts. Linkage Authority (LA): Generates linkage values, which are utilized as a part of the endorsements and bolster effective repudiation. There are two LAs in the SCMS, alluded to as LAl and LA2. The part keeps the administrator of a LA from connecting endorsements having a place with a specific gadget. Location Obscurer Proxy (LOP): Hides the area of the asking for gadget by changing source locations, and in this manner forestalls connecting of system locations to areas. Furthermore, when sending data to the Misbehavior Authority (MA), the LOP rearranges the reports to keep the MA from deciding the journalists courses. Misbehavior Authority (MA): Processes rowdiness reports to recognize potential bad conduct by gadgets, and if essential disavows and adds gadgets to the CRL. It likewise starts the way toward connecting a testament identifier to the relating enlistment endorsements, and adding-the enlistment authentication to an interior boycott. The MA contains three subcomponents: Internal Blacklist Manager (IBLM), which sends data required for upgrading the inner boycott to the RA; Global Detection (GD), which figures out which gadgets are making trouble; and CRL Generator (CRLG), which issues endorsement disavowal records to the outside world. Pseudonym CA (PCA): Issues here and now (nom de plume) to gadgets. Individual PCAs may, for instance, be constrained to a specific geographic area, a specific producer, or a kind of gadgets. Registration Authority (RA): Validates, procedures, and advances demands for nom de plume to PCA. Request Coordination (RC): Ensures that a gadget does not ask for more than one arrangement of endorsements for a given era. It facilitates exercises between various RAs, and is just required if a gadget could ask for authentications from different RAs Fig. 1. System Architecture A hybrid configuration is proposed to execute DIVERT as showed up in Figure 4.1. The building is made out of a central server and an item stack running on an on-board contraption (e.g., a propelled cell phone) in every taking an intrigue vehicle. This structure uses two sorts of correspondence. The vehicles talk with the server over a 3/4G framework to report adjacent movement thickness data and to get the overall action thickness in the road orchestrate. The vehicles report data as showed by a security careful estimation . In like manner, the vehicles that are firmly found speak with each other over VANETs to choose the area development thickness, to scatter the movement data got from the server, and to execute a spread re-coordinating method. The server uses the vehicle action reports to gather a correct and overall point of view of the road sort out development. The framework is addressed as an organized graph where each edge looks at to a road divide. In addition, each edge has related a dynamic weight addressing the constant action thickness on the edge. A road segment is considered to show signs of stop up when the action thickness is more conspicuous than an edge regard. Each time new road pieces give blockage suggestions, the server uploads a partly weighted diagram (i.e., simply the edges having a travel time not the same as the free stream travel time) to the cars that reported starting at late and are close to the obstruct parcels. The exhorted vehicles dissipate the information (i.e., development graph and vehicle course) in their territories with a set number of ricochets to keep up a key separation from over the top flooding. The dispersal furthermore has a timeout, which is an unfaltering parameter in the system. Exactly when the time is up, in perspective of the movement graph and course information shared by various vehicles, each vehicle, whose present way crosses the stop up spot, locally forms another course to its objective. While speaking with vehicles the vehicles affirm the mechanized verification of the get-togeth er then simply its starts granting. Vehicles in like manner report getting acting up vehicle in structure if found, with the objective that system can affirm it and can discard its statement. Each vehicle sends underwriting when talking with the server as this can disentangle the issue of non-disavowal of message. Fig.2. SCMS Architecture Due traffic re-routing, vehicle travel time and fuel consumption gets lowered. As vehicle are connected it enables other Location based service Traffic is controlled and managed in more efficient manner. It helps in traffic monitoring VANET-based Emergency Vehicle Warning System Traffic light preemption for Emergency Vehicle Vehicle break down notification leads to avoiding accidents Car Upper/Dipper alerts while turning. Crash avoidance 360 vehicle awareness. Intersection movement assistance. Do not pass warning. 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