Empirical Analysis On The 7ps Of Pizza Hut Marketing Essay

Empirical Analysis On The 7ps Of pizza shack marketplace EssayAbstract and aimBy using in the flesh(predicate) survey questionnaire, 150-200 students of City University of Hong Kong go out be asked, in order to find out the warlike returns of Pizza hut and comp be with Spaghetti Ho wont for places to buy nutrient in names and addresses from Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Territories. Addresses were argona code to census tracts.Based on individual factors are traditional explanations for the inability of some people to change dietary habits. This study examines the feed service by Pizza field hut and its agonistic payoffs over Spaghetti HouseAimThis work aims to find out the masteryful factor of other competitors and to yield advertions and evidences in order to increase the sales and acquire of Pizza Hut by correct Pizza Huts services and its competitive advantages.Background / outlineHong Kong is an international city. There are seven million residents and lots of tourists would love to shop in Hong Kong frankincense there are different social cultivations exist including diet habit.Foreign food is playing an important usance in Hong Kong to suit customers different brings. There are a lot of western restaurant in Hong Kong much(prenominal) as, Spaghetti House, McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) and Pizza Hut etc. Lots of people especially teenagers like Pizza Hut very much, they love to eat western foods, so Pizza Hut attracts a bulk amount of regular customer for a long period.Pizza Hut is an American famous restaurant chain, offering different styles of pizza on with side dishes including pasta, buffalo wings, breadsticks, and garlic bread, Pizza Hut is a subsidiary of Yum Brands, Inc., the worlds largest restaurant company, with approximately 34,000 restaurants, delivery-carry out units, kiosks in 100 countries.Pizza Hut has been luck Hong Kong for al almost 30 years. The first Pizza Hut restaurant opened in Hong Kong in 19 81 with its first delivery service began in 1992, while the vocation of Pizza Hut is still increasing every year.Since 1987, Hong Kong Pizza Hut franchise has owned by the Jardine Matheson Group. At present, Hong Kong Pizza Hut has a agree of over 70 branches and much than 3000 employees.The main competitor of Pizza Hut is Spaghetti House.Spaghetti House is also a famous western restaurant in Hong Kong. The lineup of Spaghetti House is similar to Pizza Hut its target market is a little different from Pizza Hut.Pizza Hut vs Spaghetti HouseWhich one is more famous?Which one do customers prefer?Which products are more competitive?We hope to find the answer during this project.In this project, well analyze the 7Ps of market strategies of Pizza Hut and take the personal survey in order to find out the competitive advantage of Pizza Hut and the comparison with Spaghetti House in Hong Kong. More, we can also get along that which one is better and more famous.Secondly, we focus on phy sical evidences from customers opinions to improve the environments of both restaurants.Finally, we refer to the result gained from questionnaires to make the recommendations and suggest new marketing strategies to Pizza Hut for the improvement.Objective and research questions guide the demographics of target customersDetermine which attributes of pizza are the most important to the customersDetermine the sense of taste of product package by the customersDetermine the acceptance of new products by our target customersIdentify the purchase behavior of the customersIdentify which promotion channels are the most effectiveMeasure the satisfactory level of customers towards Pizza HutCritical Literature ReviewWestern profuse food chains breeding and impact in AsiaMajority scholar to believe food is more affected by culture to restrict in consumption product.As farthermost as relatively other products concerned, that is more difficult to change the customers behavior such as U.S break bettings manufacturer Kelloggs to spend 20 years meter in Japan, ability success to entry use as major rice and kelp soup make break libertine of consumption market.Some country and district such as Japan and Hong Kongs children as regards coke, pizza and spaghetti etc foreign countrys food never again, but that local anaesthetic food is accompany children to grow and combine in local culture.From the above, Pizza Hut can identify market opportunities and develop targeted promotion plans. Therefore, research and increment professionals stay on HK of competitor initiatives and explore demand for debauched food products.Advertising agencies working with clients in the food industries understand the product buyer to develop messages and images that compel consumers to purchase Italian food products.Business development executives understand the dynamics of the market and identify possible partnerships.Finally, knowledge and research center librarians provide market researchers, br and and product managers and other colleagues with the vital information they need to do their jobs more effectively.A 360 View of Fast Food and Impulse HabitsHere has huge market growth potential for manufacturers and retailers to development in fast food chains and fast food services. According to the ACNielsen survey result, citizens average monthly purchase oftenness in fast food, impulse food and drinks is around 20.Monthly Purchase Frequency for Impulse Food and Drinks in Hong KongIn addition, in a global consumer survey conducted over the Internet by ACNielsen in October 2004, 30 percent of Asia Pacific consumers claimed to eat takeaway at least once a week, closely behind the US (33%).As the result, eightsome of global top tens fast food consumption market from Asia Pacific, and Hong Kong ranks is the worlds No.1, have a fast food than traditional 26% higher than the United States , elusive upon is Malaysia (59%) and the Philippines is 54%, 12% said never again to eat fas t food, have 35% eat fast food even more.ACNielsens information also showed that although in the United States have 97% of adults do not mind eat fast food, but this data has also been Asia exceeded.From this result, fast food culture can popular in Hong Kong is about the Hong Kong peoples to demand fast and convenient lifestyle.Many people require swift and convenient, hurried cadence of life may not have measure to cook at home, it affects our lifestyle, make to popularity of fast food culture in Hong Kong. As the same time because of the convenient location, the wrong is cheaper.In additional, because may about Hong Kong peoples personality, most are not satisfied to spend too much time on wait. However, teenagers usually to eating fast food more during the noon or after school. While an adults to eat breakfast is out of home that provides an opportunity for suppliers and retailers. So, fast food culture is the most sales in Hong Kong.Top 10 Global Markets for Weekly Fast Fo od ConsumptionHong Kong61%Malaysia59%Philippines54%Singapore50%Thailand44%China41%India37%US35%Australia30%New Zealand29%Source ACNielsen Online Survey, October 2004Modeling repurchases frequency and customer felicity for fast food outletsIn this competition environment of Hong Kong, leading the company is necessary customer that requires spending galore(postnominal) resources to enhance customer loyalty and satisfaction with the company. Therefore, the company need understanding what factor is affect customers behavior and satisfaction, and then try to improve the customer services step in the fast food industry, thus suffice make more loyalty customers.Improving service quality has become one of the most important strategies a service provider can use to differentiate itself from its competitors and thus position itself more effectively in the marketplace (Cronin and Taylor, 1992). Rust and Oliver (1994) suggested that quality is one dimension on which satisfaction is based.Al though many studies provide a theoretical basis for studying the relationship between waiting time, consumer satisfaction and return frequency, they have failed to investigate the relationship between waiting time and the return frequency. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of waiting time and other service quality factors on customer satisfaction and return frequency in the fast food industry. As waiting time appears to be a vital factor of the services in fast food operations, therefore, fast food industry is chosen for our research purpose.Based on a survey of fast food outlets, we formulate a repurchase frequency posture and a satisfaction get. The repurchase frequency model describes the relationship between the number of return visits and service quality factors including waiting time.The overall satisfaction model describes the relationship between the customers overall satisfaction level, the waiting time and other service quality factors. These models will help managers to identify root causes for customer satisfaction and loyalty and thus enable them to make focused improvements in critical areas to improve profitability.Hong Kong fast food cultureHong Kong is a delicacies paradise, and also is a fast food paradise, various Chinese and Western fast food restaurant at Hong Kong everywhere, lunch take-out to office are also has good idea or business.Hong Kong fast cadence of life, high working performance, many things have to stress efficiency and effectiveness of demand. It is because fast food more try fast, therefore many foods have prepared cooked and heating for consumers. So, fast food culture offers fast and convenient especially popular for peoples.Nowadays, the purposes to co-operate for healthy fashion, fast food already changed into emphasize foods quality and sustenance, many foods have consumer to pay or order then start cook. Therefore, foods will more fresh and higher quality than prepared cooked.At the other hard, fas t food chain to be particular about decoration than before, show the high class and city lifestyleDetrude of fast-food restaurants in youthful years, hot pot, iron meals and other food types, making customers to stay longer in the fast-food restaurants, but also because of the fast-food restaurants to make food plectrums many more customers are willing to patronize fast food restaurants.A financial tsunami to assist development fast food industryAlthough global financial tsunami cause economic recession, but fast food always is catering trades exotic flowers, Pizza Hut, Burger King, McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) these fast food chains have grow a business volume in this period. Caf De Coral, Pizza Hut etc. also want to development this period.Due to economic crisis affected unemployment and so on reason, thus affected consumers confidence. However, relatives enhance of fast foods attraction, increasing peoples in order to save times or money abandoned traditional res taurant meals, and tend to choice fast food. Therefore, fast food chain has obtained more market.Form the above Pizza Hut should continue its diversification strategy to gain more market constituent.It should incorporate or develop healthier food include low-carbohydrate pizzas to satisfy the needs of different customer. If it is able to stay ahead of the competition in this aspect, they will have a strong competitive advantage over other companies.Service quality in the fast food industryService quality has become a predominant part of all advanced organizations strategic plans. Increasing attention paid to service quality has resulted in more climb on and profit for organizations. At an international marketing level, in a struggle for a share of market, managers have to understand and know how to modify their operations for success in the various cultures of Hong Kong.From the above reason, can organization provide good service staffs quality and skills have important influence. Therefore, enhance staff with the training and improve the quality of services, Including improves the quality of staff and customer service and provide effective services such as staff is advised to review the guests a la carte in order to reduce opportunities for error, the menu and dishes can be coded to facilitate data input, restaurant customers should be informed in advance of waiting or cooking time and adoption a recognized service standards and guidelines etc. These can be satisfying consumers needs and attraction their have to patronize. interrogation manners/ MethodologiesCategoryOptionsThe degree to which the research question has been crystallized1. Exploratory study2. Formal studyThe method of data collectionMonitoringCommunication StudyThe power of the researcher to produce effects in the variables under studyExperimentalEx post factoThe purpose of the studyReportingDescriptiveCausal-ExplanatoryThe time dimensionCross-sectionalLongitudinalThe topical scope Breadth and depth of the studyCaseStatistical studyThe research environmentField desktopSimulationThe participants perceptional awareness of the research activityActual routineThe main purpose of our study is needed to find out the comparison of Pizza Hut and Spaghetti house. We need to collect the primary data and secondary data to analysis Pizza Huts 7Ps mainly. (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process and Physical environment)First, we collect the secondary data from internet to know earths, histories, objective, and the annual reports of Pizza Hut and Spaghetti House etc. Then, we collect other useful information on the internet. Afterwards, we go to libraries to find books such as cosmos information and literature.After that, we use Self- Administered Surveys (Intercept and computer) and Personal Interview (Questionnaire) to collect the primary data. Indeed that information is related to our objective. To collect primary data, we will design a set of questionnaire about 7 Ps.The method is taken by samples in Hong Kong (different regions in Hong Kong, Kowloon and New Territory). The proportion will be 608060, a fractional of male and female. It can be avoided unfair saturation. The sample size will be 200 that it can be reduced bias. The age distribution limits are 10 to 40. Our survey method is face-to-face interview, after the interview well give them a gift. (Such as coupon)We can understand Pizza Huts competitive advantage through information and make the recommendations on new market strategies for Pizza Hut for further improvement. However, we have limited information in secondary data. In conclude, our information mainly come from primary data.Secondary data is collected from other peoples or organizations, general major secondary datas sources are internet and daily, just including survey, census and companys records.However, the primary data is reversing the secondary data, its major used in survey research works.Secondary datas advantages is save more collect datas time, because many background work may carried out or have intercourse, such as some reviews and case studies was carried out, statistics and published book may used to media promotion.And about the secondary datas disadvantages, because the data sources not every is trusty, even authorities data may undependable.Secondary data can be obtained from two different research strands denary and Qualitative.Quantitative included housing, social security, census and other related databases.Qualitative included focus groups transcripts, observation records, structured interviews, semi-structured, research-related documents and other personal.Any required responder to complete the questionnaire by oneself is referred to as a self-administered survey.The most survey method is via use internet, fax, newspaper and e-mail, or via restaurant and shops feedback form. According to this self-administered survey is require some inaccurately questionnaire considerations, because have some respondent may cause sensitive question or other special reason thus to indiscriminate answer the questions.Self-administered surveys advantage is using anonymous form to answer the questionnaire, thus make the questionnaires answer have more effective and true. At the other hard, can make respondent more convenient to answer, and can eliminate the bias, the cost is more than telephone and personal interview cheaper.However, the most of self-administered survey also not actual to check off who to answer questionnaire, the respondent may read other part of respondents answer, thus affect their feedback.A personal interview is one of direct research method that renders face to face conversation between an interviewer and the respondent at home, in shopping centers or everywhere. The use of personal interviews provides interviewers with opinions, and the process of interaction via understanding.Personal interviews allow analyses of thoughts, attitudes, behaviors, a nd opinions that have a high level of content validity (Babbie, 2006).Personal interviews are an appropriate qualitative data collection methodology in a variety of settings including exploration of issues in sensitive areas such as internal agency evaluations or internal agency satisfaction studies. Personal interviews allow participants to share qualitative information in a manner that allows freer expression of ideas and opinions.Advantages of personal interviews1. Qualitative data obtained from small sample.2. Rapport leads to fewer refusals.3. In-depth answers possible.4. Observation improves accuracy.Disadvantage of personal interviews1. Invasion of privacy.2. Interviewer bias.3. Cost Professional Interviewer expensive.4. People not at home.5. Can be slow and time consuming.6. Postal surveys Distributing or mailing ingress to door a written questionnaire to a sample of buyers for their completion at home or at work.Project Plan/Gantt Chart

Developing An Evidence Based Study Into Postoperative Pain

Developing An Evidence Based Study Into Postoperative PainIn spite of recent advances in discommode management, postoperative wound until now remains a major clinical problem (Gilmartin and W practiced, 2007 Manias et al., 2005 Singer et al., 2010) with about 69% of patients experiencing run to severe distressingness after surgery (Apfelbaum et al., 2003).Postoperative wo(e), although expect is an undesirable reckon after surgery ( secure, 1995 Rosenquist and Rosenberg, 2003). When left untreated or inadequately managed, it can negatively bear upon an individuals physical, psychological and kind well existence (Vaughn, Wichowski and Bosworth, 2007). Thus, it generates additional responsibilities for the wellnessc ar provider (Wilmore and Kehlet, 2001) as well as creating economic difficulties for ones family, rules of order and the nation at large (Vaughn et al., 2007).Pharmacological interventions have been design as the mainstay in the management of postoperative twing e (Dolin, 2002). However, these interventions are not without undesirable effects much(prenominal) as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness and altogetherergic reactions (Koch et al., 1998). Analgesic techniques for perioperative agony relief are and so, being challenged by an ever- change magnitude demand for complementary and holistic therapies (McCaffrey and Locsin, 2002). Thus, some(prenominal) non-drug techniques can be used as adjuncts in managing postoperative cark (Good et al., 2005).The use of practice of medicine as a nonpharmacological technique has prompted various re try studies in the area of postoperative inconvenience management (Ikonomidou et al., 2004). Resultantly, several studies have been print on this income tax return hitherto, these have produced contradictory findings (Anderson et al., 2005 Good et al., 2001, 2002, 2005 Heiser et al., 1997 Heitz et al., 1992 Ikonomidou et al., 2004 Nilsson et al., 2001, 2003 Taylor et al., 1998).In an attempt to find solutions to the efficiency of symphony as a suffer management intervention, an increasing number of doctrinal reappraisals (Cepeda et al., 2006 Dunn, 2004 Engwall and Duppils, 2009 Evans, 2002 Nilsson, 2008) have been make during the past years. Nonetheless, the conclusions from these studies may be questionable for various reasons such as poor methodological quality of include studies, limited search strategies, inclusion of studies from further developed countries and being outdated.With the evolvement of recent studies (Allred, Boyers and Sole, 2009 Cooke et al., 2010 Ebneshahidi and Mohseni, 2008 Good and Ahn, 2008 Hook, Sonwathana and Petpichetchian, 2008 Sen et al., 2009) which continuously report conflicting findings and the flaws identified in previous reviews, this issue needs to be addressed in a more rigorous manner.The aim of this dissertation is to ascertain the efficacy of music as a postoperative ache management intervention by overbearingally review ing the available writings. With the aid of the show up from already existing books, this dissertation will commence with the rationale for the proposed systematic review and justification of the review question. In the subsequent chapter, the systematic review methodology will be explored together with the justification for the main decisions of the review. Following this, the results of the proposed review will be presented in the next section. This will be followed by discussions and conclusions on the review. Finally, I will reflect on the learning achieved through the systematic review process and the implications of the study findings for clinical practice, investigate and education.Literature ReviewA review of the belles-lettres identifies the trends, strengths and limitations of the methodological approaches of a study (Dunn, 2004). Thus, it provides an orientation to the know and unknown candidates of a subject area (Blaxter et al., 1996 Parahoo, 1997 Polit et al., 20 01) and directs future studies (Stevens, 1993).In this section, the rationale and justification of the review question will be provided following the background info and literature on the use of music in managing postoperative pain.Epidemiology of Postoperative PainIt has been estimated that more than 73 million surgeries are performed every year in the join States (Apfelbaum et al., 2003). Apparently, the tissue damage and trauma caused during surgery results in acute postoperative pain which may vary in intensity from easy to excruciating pain (Hutchison, 2007).Recent studies indicate that effective pain management remains elusive for a significant proportion of surgical patients (Dolin, Cashman and Bland, 2002 Svensson, Sjostrom and Haljamae, 2000 Werner et al., 2002). M both of them endure to experience unrelieved postoperative pain (Backstrom and Rawal, 2008) despite years of investigate into pain and its management (Botti, Bucknall and Manias, 2004 Hutchison, 2007). This may be partly due to the insufficient study received by health care professionals on pain management (American Medical Association, 2010). In addition, galore(postnominal) patients have true the notion that acute postoperative pain is to be expected during hospitalisation. Thus, the resultant effect is the widespread poor management of postoperative pain (Warfield and Kahn, 1995).The ineffective management of postoperative pain has been highlighted in the literature (Abbott et al., 1992 Bostrom et al 1997 Donovan et al. 1987). A survey conducted by Oates et al. (1994) revealed that 34% of the 206 patients experienced moderate to severe pain postoperatively. Conclusions from the bailiwick Health and Medical Research Councils (1999) report in like manner depicted that about 75% of patients experienced moderate to severe postoperative pain. An inquiry made by Watt-Watson and colleagues also showed that 51% of 225 postoperative patients following cardiac surgery reported of severe pain (Watt-Watson et al., 2000). Moreover, a random national study conducted by Apfelbaum and co-workers illustrated that out of the 80% of patients who reported of postoperative pain, 86% of them were experiencing moderate to severe pain (Apfelbaum et al., 2003). All these continuous reports of moderate to severe postoperative pain draw attention to the inadequacies in pain management (McCaffery Ferrell, 1997). This is because patients often unde balance wheelimation their pain due to their high expectations regarding postoperative pain experience (Hutchison, 2007).Some clinicians and patients also have mis designions about the use of opioid anal retentivegesics which contri just nowe to the inadequate postoperative pain management (McCaffery and Ferrell, 1991). Other factors also include the type of surgery (Rai, 1993), patients gender, age, preoperative pain and psychological factors (Bisgaard et al., 2001 Edwards et al., 2004 Granot and Ferber, 2005).Potentially, technical dif ficulties with intravenous (I.V.) access eminences and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) devices also serve as contributory factors (Wickstrom, Nordberg and Johansson, 2005). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors may also affect postoperative analgesia (). *A meta-analysis comparing the incidence of pain following three analgesic techniques I.M. analgesia, PCA, and epidural analgesia after surgery was conducted by Dolin et al. (2002). Data stratification based on the drug administration route revealed that the proportion of patients with moderate-to-severe postoperative pain was highest in I.M. opioid administration group while this was lowest in the epidural opioid group.In recent times, pain management is gaining increasing attention among healthcare providers and professional bodies (Hutchison, 2007). Thus, January 1, 2001 was say during a United States congress as the commencement of a decade of pain control and research (American Academy of Pain Medicine, 2010). Furthe rmore, the American Pain nine (APS) presently urges clinicians to consider pain as the fifth vital sign (Loeser, 2003). This initiative has stimulated more interest and attention to the management of pain. As a consequence of that, several professional and regulatory bodies have recently produced guidelines for managing postoperative pain (American Society of Anaesthesiologists, 2004 American Pain Society, 2003 European Association of Urology, 2003 Veterans Health brass instrument and Department of Defense, 2002 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organisations, 2001).Definition of Postoperative PainThe concept of pain has been a subject for discussion since antiquity. A universally accepted definition of pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage described in terms of such damage (IASP, 1979 250). This definition emphasises on the subjective nature of the pain experience which can be bewitchd by multiple f actors (IASP, 2003). As a result of this, McCaffery (1983 14) defines pain as whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever she says it does.Postoperative pain is thus, defined as an acute form of pain which is experienced after surgery (Fine and Portenoy, 2007). impress of Inadequate Postoperative Pain ReliefUnrelieved postoperative pain can be detri intellectual to the physiologicalal, psychological and sociological health of patients (Reyes-Gibby, 2002 Strassels, 2000 Vaughn et al., 2007). These negative consequences are derived from various body systems such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, neuroendocrine and the autonomic nervous systems (Duggleby and Lander, 2004 Tulay, 2010).Physically, longer periods of unrelieved postoperative pain can result in physiologic alterations which include the stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal system (Yeager et al., 1987), sympathetic nervous system (Pasero, Paice and McCaffery, 1999) and restricte d mobility (Yeager et al., 1987 Murray, 1990) which may result in cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and renal changes (Puntillo and Weiss, 1994 McCaffery and Pasero, 1999). All these changes in a postoperative may serve as a risk factor for the development of adverse effects such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia (APMGP, 1992), coronary ischaemia, myocardial infarction (APMGP, 1992 Jacox et al., 1994 Puntillo and Weiss, 1994 Staats, 1998 McCaffery and Pasero, 1999), reduced immunity (Ikonomidou et al., 2004), poor wound healing (Shang and Gan, 2003) and chronic pain. Psychologically, unrelieved postoperative pain may result in stress, trouble, stamp and demoralisation (Murray, 1990).In addition, the undertreatment of postoperative pain has potential negative consequences for health systems (Hutchison, 2007). This includes extended periods of hospitalisation (Heiser et al, 1997 Miaskowski, 1993), readmissions (Ikonomidou et al., 2004) and patient dissatisfaction (Shang, 2003). As a result of this, additional responsibilities are lay on the healthcare provider which may lead to staff exhaustion and its resultant puke leaves (Wilmore and Kehlet, 2001). Subsequently, these may increase the overall costs of hospitalisation and issue health systems at a disadvantaged position, especially in todays competitive healthcare environment (Henry, 1995). Ultimately, these negative consequences have a enormous impact on the patients family, society and the nation at large (Vaughn et al., 2007).Pain ManagementThe importance of addressing the complex issues of pain management cannot be overemphasized (Botti, Bucknall and Manias, 2004). Apart from reducing unnecessary suffering, effective pain control improves patient outcomes (Wasylak et al., 1990 Watwill, 1989 Sydow, 1989) and enhances their quality of life (Goudas, 2001 Reyes-Gibby, Aday and Cleeland, 2002 Rogers et al., 2000a Rogers et al., 2000b Strassels, Cynn and Carr, 2000). It is generally acce pted that needless suffering from pain in any patient is unethical (Sderhamn and Idwall, 2003) and illustrates a lese majesty of the healthcare professionals commitment to serve humanity (Ikonomidou et al., 2004). This is because patients are entitled to good quality care (Rawal, 1999 Idwall, 2004). Important goals for postoperative pain management are therefore to promote comfort, quicken recovery and avoid complications (Ready and Edwards, 1992).Pharmacological interventions have been used as the mainstay in managing postoperative pain (Dolin, 2002). Nevertheless, these interventions are not without unwished adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, and allergic reactions (Koch et al., 1998). Thus, nonpharmacological methods have been used as adjuncts in the treatment of postoperative pain (Ready and Edwards, 1992).*Combining pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods of pain provides effective pain relief for the patient (McCaffery, 1990). Thus, the nurse may make a significant contribution to postoperative pain management by offer the patient various non-drug techniques that can be used concurrently with analgesics (McCaffery, 1990 McCaffery and Beebe, 1989).Nonpharmacologic interventions have been known to be valuable, simple and inexpensive adjuvants to analgesic techniques (Hyman et al., 1989). As a result, several non-drug techniques can also be used as adjuncts in managing postoperative pain (Good et al., 2005). Specifically, the use of music as a nonpharmacological technique has prompted various research studies in this area (Ikonomidou et al., 2004), leading to the publication of numerous studies (Anderson et al., 2005 Good et al., 2001, 2002, 2005 Heiser et al., 1997 Heitz et al., 1992 Nilsson et al., 2001, 2003 Taylor et al., 1998) and reviews (Cepeda et al., 2006 Dunn, 2004 Engwall and Duppils, 2009 Evans, 2002 Nilsson, 2008).History of Music TherapyMusic, as a remedy for sickness is a prehistoric concept (Todres, 2006) that has been used to influence human health (Bunt, 1994 Nilsson, 2003 White 2000).It is the art of listening to sounds that usually have rhythm, pitch (Funk and Wagnall, 1998), melody and harmony (Steckler, 1998). Throughout history, music has been used as an alternative therapy to promote the wellbeing of patients (Guzzetta 1988). Thus, music therapy can be defined as the act of using musical sounds to support the physical, psychological and social needs of an individual during illness or disability (Aluede, 2006 Munro and Mount, 1978). Its main goal is to promote comfort by serving as a di readingary measure from an unpleasant occurrence (Nwokenna, 2006).Archaelogical findings reveal that the sick primitive man used music as a way of pacifying the gods (Henry 1995). Also, the Egyptians of 1500 BC used music to enhance their fruitfulness while the Greeks and Romans strove for human body and soul integration using music (Buckwalter, Hartsock and Gaffney, 1985). Thus, Apollo, the Gr eek god of mythology, was considered as the giver of medicine and music (Todres, 2006).There is anecdotal examine from contemporary writings that music was used by Hippocrates to promote wellbeing (Storr, 1994). The sixth century Greek philosopher, Pythagoras, who is considered as the throw of music therapy and geometry, believed that music greatly influenced human health (Olson 1998). As a result, he often prescribed music and diet to reinstate and sustain the integration human body and soul (Bunt, 2001 White 2001).Also, it was demonstrated by the Renaissance movement group that different types of music affected digestion, blood pressure, respiratory and meaning rates (Cook, 1986). In a nameless clause that appeared in the Columbian Magazine in 1789, a case was made for the use of musical experiences to influence and regulate emotional conditions (White 2000). Subsequently, a book entitled the influence of music on health and life, which describes the use of music in healing, wa s written by Chomat in 1846 (Biley, 2000).From a nursing perspective, music has been used to promote patients health and well-being (Chlan, 2002). In the early 1800s, Florence Nightingale notice the power of music as a vital part of the healing process for injured Crimean soldiers (Nightingale, 1992). after(prenominal) observing different types of music, she remarked that wind instruments with continuous sound or air created a authoritative effect on patients while those that lacked continuous harmony produced negative effects (Nightingale 1992, McCaffrey and Locsin 2002). Nightingale believed that, it was the nurses responsibility to control the environment for healing to take place (Nilsson, 2003 White, 2001 McCaffrey and Locsin, 2002 Nightingale, 1992).After the invention of the phonograph in the late 1800s, recorded music was used in hospitals to promote sleep and relieve perioperative anxiety (Taylor, 1981). An extensive account of this occurred when healthcare professionals concurrently used music with analgesia and anaesthesia (ibid).In 1914, music was used for the first time in the intraoperative environment to distract patients from the horror of surgery (Kane, 1914 p.1829). Afterwards, the National Association for Music in Hospitals was established in 1926 by a nurse named, Isa Maud Ilsen (Ilsen, 1926). After identifying rhythm as the basic therapeutic element, she advocated for the implementation of specialized musical prescriptions (Ilsen 1926).An extensive study on music was made by Hunter, in 1892, after playing a piano in the Helensburg Hospital, Scotland. He noticed that there was a reduction in the patients report of pain and temperature following musical exposure (Hunter, 1892). An observation made by Coring (1899) and Tarchanoff (1903) also revealed that different types of music had an effect on the patients heart rate, respiration and bodily secretions (Light et al 1949). Also, a group of surgeons in 1949 studied the use of music togeth er with psychosomatic factors. They find that music had a calming effect on those patients who were anxious and unresponsive to routine medication (ibid).With the advent of the technological advancements of the twentieth century, the link between health and music declined (Heitz, Symreng and Scamman, 1992). However, there has been an upsurge interest in music therapy due to its prominence in pain management (McCaffery, 1979) Thus, it is considered as a vital aspect of the nursing discipline (Paterson and Zderad, 1988).The Analgesic Properties of MusicThe mechanism by which music affects pain responses appears to be as varied as the research paradigms (Pricket and Standley, 1994). Music has been shown to affect the physical, emotional, cognitive and social aspects of the pain experience (Todres, 2006). *Thus, the question is how does music exert its analgesic properties? In the search for answers to this query, various theories and hypotheses have been proposed (Gagner-Tjellesen et al., 2001).The auditory stimulation of music produces a biological effect on human behaviour by engaging specific brain functions (Thaut 1990). The effect of music is perceived in the right hemisphere of the brain (Thaut 1990, Ligeois-Chauvel et al., 1998, Myskaja and Lindbaeck, 2000), whereas a greater portion of interpretation occurs in the left hemisphere (Thaut 1990, Myskaja and Lindbaeck, 2000).Music stimuli serve as a disturbance (Good et al., 2000 McCaffery and Good, 2000) and cause the prefrontal cortex to be conditioned to the music, which is more pleasant, (Nilsson, 2008), familiar, relaxing (Mok and Wong, 2003) and preferred (Siegele, 1974 McCaffery, 1992 Mok and Wong, 2003). Patients can thus, focus their awareness from the noxious input unto the music (Fernandes and Turk, 1989 Good et al., 1999 Willis, 1985) to aid relaxation (Beck, 1991 White, 2000 White, 2001 Thorgaard, 2005). Although patients are often in a transitional zone between consciousness and sleep during t he perioperative period, the sense of hearing still persists amidst the prejudice of other senses (Nilsson, 2003). As a result, music may be of immense benefit to this population.The inhibition of the afferent noxious impulses causes the activation of *endogenous opiates, descending warmheartedness impulses, and neuropeptides in the in the central nervous system (Andy, 1983 Yezierski et al., 1983). Subsequently, excitatory neurotransmitters such as substance P, prostaglandins, bradykinins are inhibited leading to reduced muscle and mental tension (Good, 1995 OCallaghan, 1996 Taylor et al., 1998).On the contrary, it has also been demonstrated that music, which is inappropriately used, can aggravate pain sensation and thus can increasing pain perception and experience (OCallaghan, 1996).The gold coastian ContextDespite the fact that 3.5% of the worlds surgical operations are performed in developing countries (Weiser, Regenbogen, Thompson et al., 2008), the management of postoperativ e pain is poor in Ghana (Clegg-Lamptey and Hodasi, 2005 Murthy, Antwi-Kusi, Jabir et al., 2010). This may be due to factors such as inadequate knowledge, negative attitudes (Hall-Lord and Larsson, 2006), discrepancies between healthcare professionals and patients assessment of postoperative pain and the lack of relatively streamlined analgesic techniques such as PCAs and epidural analgesia (Murthy et al., 2010). Moreover, the use of non-invasive, safe and cheap nonpharmacological interventions such as music is also underutilised.Music plays a vital usance in the life of an African however, the origin of music therapy in African societies remains a puzzle due to the lack of indigenous written records (Aluede, 2006). Although, many Ghanaians love music (FGMSA, 2010), music therapy in Ghana is currently at its embryonic stage (Kofie, 2004).Music, as the *stock-in-trade of traditional healers is used in the Ghanaian society. It accompanies their snip of dances until they reach the se mi-conscious state whereby they begin their communication with ancestral spirits. During this enterprise, music stimulates their ecstasy and they are being offered concoctions that may be used in healing the sick (Kofie, 2004). Music is also an effective form of therapy for patients who believe their ailments is a form of misdemeanour towards others and for that manner receiving punishment from the ancestral spirits (ibid).Rationale for the Proposed ReviewThe use of music as a postoperative pain intervention has prompted various research studies (Ikonomidou et al., 2004), leading to the publication of numerous articles (Anderson et al., 2005 Good et al., 2001, 2002, 2005 Heiser et al., 1997 Heitz et al., 1992 Ikonomidou et al., 2004 Nilsson et al., 2001, 2003 Taylor et al., 1998). Nevertheless, these studies have reported coalesce/ contradictory/ conflicting findings. While some show improved pain relief (Anderson et al., 2005 Good, 1999 Good et al., 2001 Good et al., 2002 Good et al., 2005 Heitz et al., 1992 Laurion and Fetzer, 2003 Masuda, Miyamoto, and Shimizu, 2005 McCraty et al., 1998 Mullooly et al., 1988 Nilsson et al., 2001 Nilsson et al., 2003), others showed no difference in pain management among study participants (Blankfield et al., 1995 Good, 1995 Heiser et al., 1997 Ikonomidou et al., 2004 Taylor et al., 1998). The approaches used in these studies have mainly been experimental, however, most of them lack strict control with various outcome measures ranging from psychological (pain, anxiety), physical (sleep) to physiological parameters (heart rate, respiratiory rate, blood pressure).In an attempt to find solutions to the efficiency of music as a pain management intervention, an increasing number of systematic reviews (Cepeda et al., 2006 Dunn, 2004 Engwall and Duppils, 2009 Evans, 2002 Nilsson, 2008) have been published during the past years. Nonetheless, the conclusions from these studies may not be amply supported for various reasons such as poor methodological quality of included studies, limited search strategies, inclusion of studies from only developed countries and being outdated.Evans (2002) conducted a systematic review on the efficacy of music as an intervention for hospitalised patients. This review included postoperative pain as well as pain occurring after certain procedures. Of the four eligible studies, three of them found no difference in pain scores and analgesic consumption (Blankfield et al., 1995 Good, 1995 Taylor et al., 1998) while the remaining study (Koch et al., 1998) reported a reduction in analgesic consumption among the music intervention group. On this basis, he concluded that music may be an effective diversion in treating pain. This assumption may be obstructive due to limited say as at that time and its resultant myopic inference.A systematic review conducted on the efficiency of music in reducing postoperative pain (Dunn, 2004) was also inconclusive due to the poor methodological quality of the included studies. Moreover, it was also restricted to developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States of America. For this reason, such findings may not be applicable to other developing countries such as Ghana, where the clinical settings and management may be different.Cepeda et al. (2006) systematically reviewed the literature on the use of music for relieving pain. This review included all types of pain ranging from acute, procedural, cancer and chronic pain. It was concluded that music listening reduces pain and analgesic consumption, but the magnitude of these effects is small and thus, had vague clinical significance. Based on this premise, it was recommended that music should not be used as a first line management option for pain. Although the conclusions are quiet reasonable, this review is outdated (Kaveh et al., 2007) due to the publication of new studies that specifically report on the use of music in patients experiencing postoperative pain.A nother systematic review (Nilsson, 2008) was also conducted on the efficacy of music in relieving postoperative pain and other parameters such as anxiety and stress. This review limited the inclusion criteria to studies conducted between 1995 and 2007. The review concluded that approximately half of the reviewed randomised controlled trials favoured the pain reducing effects of music while the rest were not in support of this. In the light of this, the author recommended some additional studies to be conducted in this area ibid.A recently published article in 2009 concluded that music can be used as an adjuvant for pain relief (Engwall and Duppils, 2009). This conclusion may not be fully supported considering the fact that the review included other non-randomised controlled trials (which are subject to biases). Moreover, the review included the combined use of music with other nonpharmacological interventions (such as irritate relaxation, therapeutic suggestion, guided imagery and so on) which creates difficulties in determining whether the outcomes is solely due to music or the other interventions. The review also used some selective informationbases (Blackwell Synergy, CINAHL, PubMed and Elsevier/ Science Direct) and restricted the review to studies conducted between 1998 and 2007.Considering the publication of new randomised controlled trials that have reported conflicting findings (Allred, Boyers and Sole, 2009 Cooke et al., 2010 Ebneshahidi and Mohseni, 2008 Good and Ahn, 2008 Hook, Sonwathana and Petpichetchian, 2008 Sen et al., 2009) and the limitations identified in previous reviews, an updated version of a systematic review conducted on this topic will be of immense benefit. My review, therefore intends to include randomised controlled trials irrespective of the location, and will include only music as the nonpharmacological pain intervention. I will also expand my search strategy to include other databases and will not limit it to any year range si nce music is not an intervention that becomes outmoded with time and largely depends on an individuals preferences.SummaryIn this section the background information and literature on the use of music in relieving postoperative pain has been provided. Moreover, the rationale for the systematic has been thoroughly explained as well as the justification for the review question.Chapter twainMethodologyOnce a research question has been shaped, it is useful to think about its type, as this will have an effect on what kind of research would provide us with the greatest quality evidence. The review question concentrates on music as a postoperative epain management intervention for patients after all kinds of surgery.In providing the best evidence of effectiveness of an intervention, a systematic review is considered the most suitable way. This is because it summarises or draw conclusions from primary research on a specific subject, therefore increasing the number of subjects and enhancing the power to detect an intervention effect (Dickson, 2003).This chapter will discuss the systematic review approach and evaluate its mapping in evidence-based practice. It then outlines the strengths and limitations of systematic reviews. Following this, a description of the procedural steps is effrontery. Finally, the method used to conduct this review is discussed.lDefinition of systematic ReviewsTypes of Systematic ReviewsSystematic Reviews ProcessThe Role of Systematic Reviews in Evidence-based PracticeIn an era of evidence-based nursing, care providers need to base their clinical decisions on the preferences of patients, their clinical expertise, as well as the current best available research evidence relevant for practice (Beaven and McHugh, 2003 Mulhall, 1998 Sackett and Rosenberg, 1995).Implications from the ever expanding volumes of healthcare literature (Beaven and McHugh, 2003) means that, it is unrealizable for a clinician to access, let alone understand, the primary evidence that informs practice (Glasziou, Irwig and Colditz, 2001 Handoll et al., 2008). As a result of this, useful research studies and valuable findings are concealed and throw out as a whole (Beaven and McHugh, 2003). Systematic reviews of primary studies are therefore an essential aspect of evidence-based healthcare for practitioners who want to keep up to date with evidence in making informed clinical decisions (Lipp, 2005 Glasziou et al., 2001 Handoll et al., 2008 Schlosser/ FOCUS, 2010).Commencing with a well-defined research question, such reviews utilise explicit methods to systematically identify, select, critically appraise, extract, analyse and synthesise data from relevant studies on a particular topic (Handoll et al., 2008 Petticrew and Roberts, 2006 Wright et al., 2007 Sackett et al., 2000). This process helps to minimise bias (Cook, Mulrow and Haynes, 1997), eliminate poorly conducted studies, confers power to the results that may not be given to individual studie s (Lipp, 2005) and thus provide practitioners with reliable, valid and condensed evidence (Glasziou et al., 2001) in a considerably shorter period of time (Mulrow, Langhorne, and Grimshaw, 1997). Systematic reviews may involve the use of statistical methods (meta-analysis) (Handoll et al., 2008) in estimating the precision of treatment effects (Egger, Smith and ORourke, 2001).Unlike traditional narrative reviews, systematic reviews allow for a more objective appraisal of the evidence and may thus contribute to resolving uncertainty when original research, and reviews disagree (Egger et al., 2001). By using an efficient scientific technique, systematic reviews also can make up the need for further research studies and stimulate the timelier implementation of findings into practice (Lipp, 2005). They can also inform the research agenda by identifying gaps in the evidence and generating research questions that will shape future research (Eagly and Wood, 1994 Handoll et al., 2008 Lipp, 2005).

Ethical Issues in Forensic Psychology

ethical Issues in rhetorical Psychology1.0 IntroductionForensic psychological science refers to the employmental application of specialized knowledge in psychology to aid in solving legal capers. Since rhetorical psychology straddles two great fields- hold of human behaviors (psychology) and correctional measures that can deter wayward behaviors (law), its hire on ethics should be two-throng. Robert Wettstein agrees Given the interdisciplinary work of rhetorical psychiatry, questions arise rough what principles of ethics should guide forensic psychiatry and what theory of ethics should underlie those principles,When it comes to ethics, forensic psychology is wizard field of professional practice where a genuinely delicate balance mustiness be created. This is so because a forensic psychologist is more interested in the inner feelings of the offender, then the displayed characters. Further, the forensic psychologist must run across the legal requirements and the judicial system under which he operates. So, the quick-witted is required to bridge the wide gap between two very diverse, and even opponent faculties. Since his analysis informs the topic of the case, forensic psychologists can easily abuse the great influence of the work. This is where ethics come in. Its non enough to founder rules and statutes. Professionals must practice puzzlence to particular code of stockpiles without the need for monitoring. That applies to forensic psychologists too.2.0 Ethical issues in forensic psychologyThere are a number of dilemmas that a practicing forensic psychologist deals with in his day-to-day professional activity. However, I can easily bet that half of them involve honourable questions. Issues such as juvenile incarcerations, intellectual capability of the accused to stand trial, discrimination, confidentiality, objectivity, payment for his service and so many others, come into encounteration for the near in a big way. Sometimes the experts findings even contradict personal views. Kalmbach, Karen C. and Lyons, Phillip M, say that, these ethical issues must always be representn a special attention.Since the forensic psychologist ofttimes acts as an expert witness, he must set for himself the highest possible ethical standards. Kalmbach Karen C. and Lyons Philip M. Professionals who choose to participate in the legal forum must ensure that their performance meets not only the standards of general practice for their profession, but also those pertaining to the forensic specialty. Given the dynamism of legal field, the expert should also be soundly street smart with the current standards and the changes in it. This means that he must keep reading, both in the legal and psychological fields. However, extensive studying is just half of the job. The elephant in the room is a matter of life and death- quite literally, sometimes.A fundamental responsibility of forensic psychologists is to provide treatment, assessment, resea rch, and training in an ethical manner, (Walden University).To ensure that you adhere to the highest standards of ethical practice, Robert M. Wettstein writes that the following steps should be followed identify the problem consider the significance of the context and setting identify and use ethics and legal resources consider personal beliefs and values develop possible solutions to the problem consider the potential consequences of various solutions choose and implement a course of action and assess the outcome and implement changes as needed. All these steps, if followed properly, would ensure that the highest possible ethical is not only adhered to, but also maintained in the forthcoming and subsequent cases.It is ofttimes said that the first step to solving a problem is by acknowledging that the problem exists. By identifying the problem, it means that you are already acknowledging that a problem exists. consequently follow this by knowing the magnitude of the problem. The th ird part now is where you start using your expertise to sponsor you solve the problem. Personal beliefs may adopt to biases and prejudices. If this happens to be the case, then it is only wise not to be engaged in the case of the client.If you pass all these self-assessment tests, then it is time for you to formulate answers to the problem at hand. Check all your resolutions to see what outcome they would have. Select the one that is most suitable- the one with the least negative outcome and the best positive outcome. afterward you are done, identify where you may have fallen short of expectations and make appropriate changes. ethics has been described as beginning where the law ends. The moral sense of right and harm is a precursor to the development of legal rules for social order. Ethics and law thus share the goal of creating and maintaining social good and have a dependent relationship, (Lisa V. Brock, J.D., and Anna Mastroianni).As an expert witness who is relied upon to provide information to help in convicting, or setting free a suspect, the forensic psychologist should uphold the highest standards of integrity. He should be honest, sincere, and very straightforward. A ren makeed psychologist, Margaret Hagen, had long dismissed forensic psychologist as witchdoctors who are only after the almighty dollar. This is a maledict report which clearly shows that some of these experts deliberately lie and twist the course of justice for financial gain.Thus, a change of heart and thinking is necessary if this profession still values its popular will amongst the populace.Impartiality and fairness is another area where the expert should place a huge premium. Almost everybody has his own biases, although we often suppress them in the interest of decency. However, a forensic psychologist should shut down all his wells of prejudices so that he can look at the issues with relatively undistorted lenses. Only this way can he proclaim the truth with the authority it requires. Any deviation can lead to a repetition of the wrong until it becomes the norm. A profession does not genetically produce the next generation of practitioners instead, the ethical practices of subsequent generations of practitioners are established through socialization, (Practicing Forensic Psychology).It is well known that often, impartiality is a result of conflict of interest. This interest may be financial, political, social, or any other. If such a case occurs, it is best for the forensic psychologist to withdraw, and let someone else take over. Personal interests are not necessarily mistakes. However, they could be a mistake if a professional decides to twist facts to protect own interests.An expert of forensic psychologists nature should avoid deception at all cost. Accurate information from him is required to make a legal judging and set trend for future litigations. Any deception, thus, coming from him would be utmost injustice to the larger society. Of equal importance, if not more, is the experts ability to recognize between what he sees and what he has inferred. Personal biases have a peculiar way of clouding judgment. Therefore the expert should be fully convinced that in that respect is a strong relationship between what he has seen, and the conclusion he is making.This psychology expert is also required, and should be obliged, to disclose sources of their information so that everybody can know how he arrived at a particular conclusion. Moreover, he should also present his findings and opinions in a well-researched report. A clear and concise report on the inference of the forensic psychologist would give people a glimpse at how he arrived at the conclusions he is making. It also clears past any whiff of favoritism as a result of financial gain.Forensic experts should avoid issuing contestation more or less a legal proceeding that is in a mash of law. Such statements may lead to a breach of confidentiality, and privacy of a person. However, this can happen when consent has been obtained from the person holding any privilege, or when the statement is already in the public domain, (Lyons, Phillip M, and Kalmbach, Karen C). Still, even here, the expert still has to strike a delicate balance of the amount of information that he can press release to the public without compromising on the confidentiality of the concerned party.The expert should be certified of the influences that may deal a blow to his impartiality. If there is anything that stands in the way to impartiality, it is in his best interest to step aside, and let someone else take the employment. Many question whether MHPs can produce an impartial and unbiassed clinical forensic paygrade while simultaneously providing input to the legal team on defense strategy, (American Psychological Association)The issue of payment given to the forensic psychologist is clear cut. Forensic psychologist should not take contingency fee. This may compromise h is honesty. The payment he should receive is the retainer fee. Money has been at the centre of many of the botched judicial system cases. Therefore, to ensure that it does not cloud ones judgment, it is best to keep it at an arms length.Forensic psychologist can allow attorneys to change the social system of his report, but he should not allow them to change the content. The content of the report belongs to the forensic psychologist. It serves to give the client best service, thus, if it is objective, let it remain as it is.The role of a forensic psychologist as an expert witness is very critical in a legal proceeding. This is why, as a matter of ethics, the forensic psychologist should be competent enough to handle the concerned issues. If you are not competent enough, do not get into this delicate profession and obstruct the course of justice. neediness of specialized psycho-legal knowledge, and a number of others, should be enough disqualification.As an expert, do not advocate for any other agenda, whether its the clients or otherwise. Always remain objective and very neutral. A forensic psychologist should not enter into multiplicity of alliances-like being the expert witness and an advisor to the client. This would create a huge conflict of interest which will not allow him to be impartial.Like any other human being, a forensic psychologist may enter a lot helpful facts and even fail to write down proper notes. This will easily pass for a professional negligence. But for this expert whose work influences justice, it is also very unethical. Again, personal competency matters a lot. However, in most cases, it is the practitioner who knows the limit of his competence. If there is a case whose legal competence demand is way above yours, it is better you let it go, or pass it to a superior expert.If you have taken a case, meet the client abstain and get the details from him. This would help you to clarify the lingering questions early enough in preparation for the legal battle. In the same breath, ensure that the client knows about the protection to his privacy confidentiality and other rights that are clearly spelt out in the law.The testimony of a forensic psychology expert has a decent influence on the court. It directs the sails of justice. Therefore, the expert involved should use this influence to help in unveiling the truth, and not hiding it. Keep a clear financial backing of your interview of the client. Do not get carried away by the case. Always maintain a professional detachment from your client. This would ensure that you can observe issues objectively. pass on your client aware of your role as a forensic psychologist prior to the start of your evaluation. Also, as an expert, know the legal grounds on which the case is built. This would help you know what is expected of you and collect enough of what is needed to present in the court when called upon to do so.Deliberations on ethics cannot be wrapped up without discuss ing one of the most critical issues-sex. It occurs in all professions, and forensic psychology is by no means an exception. But the truth is, as a professional, the moment you gotten into a sexual relationship with a client, or a student, your objectivity flies right out through the window. That is why it is strongly advised that you keep away fro it like HIV/AIDS.The forensic psychologist should provide a conducive environment for the evaluation, and tell the client, in advance, the time and length of the evaluation. This allows the client to prepare psychologically. This will give both of them a free atmosphere to interact freely, without the client feeling that he is being pushed to do things against his will.Many evaluators prefer relative anonymity. As a forensic psychologist, preserve that. Also in line with this, ensure there is no past, current, or future personal relationship with the examinee. This would ensure that your objectivity is not in question.Forensic psychologist s have an obligation to provide services in a manner consistent with the highest standards of their profession. They are responsible for their own conduct and the conduct of those individuals under their direct supervision, (Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists).In order to meet these high ethical standards, the expert forensic psychologist should do the followingThe forensic psychologist should assess the mental state of his client for hallucination. If he proves that there are chances that the client is not mentally sound, then he can enter an insanity plea. This way, he will help to the mentally-ill out of a trial meant for sound-minded persons, thus keep the integrity of the profession.There are clients who can fake signs of insanity quite effectively. Check for such an occurrence so that you dont enter an insanity plea for a person who is perfectly normal.A polygraph is, in speak up terms, a lie detector. Depending on the expertise of the person handling it, the machine can give be fairly accurate in observe whether a person is telling the truth, or lying. Use it and interpret its data accurately to know more about the examinee.ConclusionEthics is one of the direct principles in any profession the world over. It ensures that one sets the standards for himself and strives to reach them. The infusion of ethico-legal issues into a single field called forensic psychology makes this profession a curiously challenging one. Just reading the ethical guidelines and standards is not enough. As a professional, your adherence to them should show in the applications. In special cases, use your own unbiased judgment and intuition to get to the root of the problem.The various ethical issues outlined above are impartiality, honesty, fairness, and non-sexual contact with a client. Others are objectivity, making the client aware of his rights, respecting the privacy and confidentiality of the client, and not receiving payments that may compromise the forensic psychologists objectivity.These ethical guidelines, and, any other more, should inform any interaction a clinical psychologist should have with a client. The moment one is breached, then it becomes easier to follow suit with a breach of the rest. This would automatically lead to lack of objectivity, partiality, deception, and even breach of the clients basic rights.A Code of Ethics for Psychology summarizes it thus At its heart, an ethics code should reflect the moral principles underlying the values of the profession. For most professions, ethical behaviors are generally those that fulfill the fundamental moral obligations to do good, to do no harm, to respect others, and to treat all individuals honestly and fairly. For some, statements of general principles are sufficient to guide the ethical behavior of persons devoted to the ideals of their profession. For others, however, statements describing specific types of behaviors that meet these ideals are necessary to ma ximize the codes utility and to provide a means of evaluating its efficacy.ReferencesWettstein, Robert M. (2008). Ethical Practice in Forensic Psychology A Systematic Model for Decision Making Forensic Ethics and the Expert Witness, Journal of the American honorary society of Psychiatry and Law Online.Web. 29, April, 2014.American Psychological Association. Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology.Lyons, Phillip M, and Kalmbach, Karen C. Ethical Issues in conducting Forensic Evaluations (2006). Sam Houston State University.Hagen, Margaret. The Fraud of Psychiatric Testimony and the fluff of American Justice.Wettstein, Robert. Ethics and Forensic Psychiatry.Practicing Forensic Psychology Some Legal, Ethical, and Moral ConsiderationsWalden University. Ethical Issues and Professional Responsibilities in Forensic Psychology.Brock, Lisa V., Mastroianni, Anna (2013). Ethics in Medicine clinical Ethics and LawCommittee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Law and H uman BehaviorSpecialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists, 15 (6).A Code of Ethics for Psychologist How Did We Get Here?

Nursing Assessment Of Blood Donation Practices :: essays research papers

A Community Assessment of Erie County Volunteer Firefighters and Blood largessDepartment of NursingTable of ContentsI. Background tuition on Affiliating Agency. II. Definition of Community.. III. Approaches Used to Assess Community..IV. Description of Survey..V. Assessment of Community.A.People 1. Age and Gender dispersion 2.Ethnicity 3.Educational Levels 4.Language5.Religion.6.Income7.Occupations..8.HousingB.Community Structures1.Government or Management ..2.Educational Agencies....3.Agents of Social Control..4.Informal Power Structures.. 5.Production, Consumption & dispersionof Goods and Services.6.Family StructuresC.Other Aspects1.Geography2.Transportation...3.Recreation4.Communication..D.Health Risk Factors..E.Resources for Dealing with Risk Factors1.Social Changes Needed to Combat Risk Factors.F.StressorsG. psycho digest of Data..VI. Summary VII. ConclusionsVIII. Recommendations..IX. ReferencesX. Appendices A. American blushing(a) Cross Web Site Home PageB.Neumans Community Assessment ModelC.Community Blood Donation SurveyD.Survey ResultsA Community Assessment of Erie County Voluntary Firefighters and Blood DonationThe need for blood grows every day. Blood donation centers continuously request the general population to donate. Specific populations are expected to participate in community activities more, due to the nature of their work. One such(prenominal) group are the proffer firefighters of Erie County, New York. These are the men and women who rescue victims of accidents and disasters daily. The purpose of this assessment, done in conjunction with the American Red Cross, is to determine whether and why volunteer firefighters participate in blood donation.The scope of this assessment bequeath include a description of the Erie County volunteer firefighter population, the community structures of the Erie County, and other various aspects of the community as well. It will include health risks and stressors relative to firefighting. The identificat ion of volunteer firefighter needs and recommendations to remedy these needs along with conclusions drawn from the research will be provided. An analysis of the data collected will be provided.Background Information on Affiliating AgencyThe affiliating agency used for this assessment was the American Red Cross. The American Red Cross began in 1881 as an offshoot of the European Red Cross by Clara Barton in Dansville, NY. Its purpose is to provide emergency aid during civil disasters such as floods and earthquakes, offer humanitarian services for armed forces personnel and their families, and operate centers for the collecting and processing blood and blood products. (Davis, 1993, p. 79) The name of the local chapter in Erie County is the greater Buffalo Chapter (see Appendix A).Definition of CommunityCommunity, according to Anderson and McFarlane (2000), is described as a complex webs of people shaped by relationships, interdependence, mutual interests, and patterns of interaction ( p. 93). Further, Anderson and McFarlane flavour The community encompasses people in a particular time and place (p.

Beckett, Brecht and Endgame Essay -- Beckett Endgame Essays

Beckett, Brecht and Endgame Irish playwright Samuel Beckett is often classified amongst Absurdist Theatre contemporaries Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Jean Genet, and Eugene Ionesco (Brockett 392-395). However, Endgame, Becketts number play, relates more than closely to the mental representation ideology of German playwright Bertolt Brecht, father of epic theatre and the alienation effect. Through the use of formal stage conventions, theatrical terminology, and allusions to Shakespearian texts within Endgame, Beckett employs Brechts alienation concept, distancing the audition empathetically from players of the game and instead focusing attention upon the game itself. Bertolt Brecht, whose final work, Galileo, was last revised three historic period before Beckett published Endgame, was personally and professionally influenced by Marxist theory and the political events which plagued the middle of this century. According to drama anthologist Oscar G. Brockett, B recht asserted that theatre must do more than simply entertain the passive spectator theatre must recognize and incite change. Brecht suggested a system of productive participation, in which the spectator actively decide and applies what he sees on stage to conditions outside the theatre (365-366). Brechts alienation effect was a direct means of evoking this participation-the audience is emotionally distanced from characters to allow purpose observation. The audience should never be allowed to confuse what it sees on the stage with reality. Rather the play must always be thought of as a stimulus upon life- something to be watched and judged critically (Brockett 366). Samuel Beckett distances the audience from his comment on life throug... ...tieth Century Interpretations of Endgame A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1958. Cohn, Ruby. Endgame. Chevigny 40-52. Easthope, Antony. Hamm, Clov, and Dramatic Method in Endgame. C hivgny 61-70. Lell, Gordon. discourse of appraise in Shakespeares Hamlet English 401X Lecture. Concordia College. 8 April 1998. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York Longman, 1997. Shakespeare, William. The Life of tycoon Henry the Fifth. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York Longman, 1997. Shakespeare, William. The disaster of King Richard the Third. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York Longman, 1997. Beckett, Brecht and Endgame Essay -- Beckett Endgame EssaysBeckett, Brecht and Endgame Irish playwright Samuel Beckett is often classified amongst Absurdist Theatre contemporaries Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Jean Genet, and Eugene Ionesco (Brockett 392-395). However, Endgame, Becketts second play, relates more closely to the theatrical ideology of German playwright Bertolt Brecht, father of epic theatre and the alienation ef fect. Through the use of formal stage conventions, theatrical terminology, and allusions to Shakespearean texts within Endgame, Beckett employs Brechts alienation concept, distancing the audience empathetically from players of the game and instead focusing attention upon the game itself. Bertolt Brecht, whose final work, Galileo, was last revised three years before Beckett published Endgame, was personally and professionally influenced by Marxist theory and the political events which plagued the middle of this century. According to drama anthologist Oscar G. Brockett, Brecht asserted that theatre must do more than simply entertain the passive spectator theatre must recognize and incite change. Brecht suggested a system of productive participation, in which the spectator actively judges and applies what he sees on stage to conditions outside the theatre (365-366). Brechts alienation effect was a direct means of evoking this participation-the audience is emotionally dis tanced from characters to allow objective observation. The audience should never be allowed to confuse what it sees on the stage with reality. Rather the play must always be thought of as a comment upon life- something to be watched and judged critically (Brockett 366). Samuel Beckett distances the audience from his comment on life throug... ...tieth Century Interpretations of Endgame A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1958. Cohn, Ruby. Endgame. Chevigny 40-52. Easthope, Antony. Hamm, Clov, and Dramatic Method in Endgame. Chivgny 61-70. Lell, Gordon. Discussion of Value in Shakespeares Hamlet English 401X Lecture. Concordia College. 8 April 1998. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York Longman, 1997. Shakespeare, William. The Life of King Henry the Fifth. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York Longman, 1997. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of King Richard the Third. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York Longman, 1997.